Ghetto free essay sample

What is meant by the â€Å"ghetto defense†? Define it in your own words. 2. Reread paragraph 8. Define what Shellow means by the â€Å" ’cultural psychosis â€Å" or â€Å"psychosocial history’ strategy. † What does it have to do with the ghetto defense? 3. What is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? What causes it? 4. Why do leagal experts worry about the ghetto defense being used and accepted in court cases? What would be the implications? How would it protect the poor instead of the powerful? 5. What are the biggest criticisms of the ghetto defense? . Does Flaherty’s thesis favor the ghetto defense? Is his support sufficient for the reader to accept his viewpoint? Do you agree? Support your points. 4. The ghetto defense suggests that society â€Å"tolerate(s) a situation so hobbling that its victims have become unaccountable for their action†, implying that each of us is responsible for such things a the Los Angeles riots and the living conditions in the ghettos. We will write a custom essay sample on Ghetto or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Do you accept such responsibility. Explain. 5. Reread the last paragraph. Does society have a responsibility to poor children like Morgan? How do you answer Flaherty’s questions?

Why Setting Your Story Matters

Why Setting Your Story Matters Why Setting Your Story Matters Imogen Clark lives in Yorkshire, England with her husband and children.  She also writes books for young teenage girls under the pen name Lucinda Fox. In this article, Imogen talks about how establishing a real sense of setting in her novel improved her story, and even benefitted her marketing strategy.Picture the scene: You've read a great book that you want to share with your friend but your memory is letting you down on the details.â€Å"What's the title?† they ask. Blank. â€Å"Who wrote it?† Nothing. â€Å"Well, where's it set?†And, of course, you remember this because the setting of a book stays with you long after the metadata has faded. This is because it's the setting that takes a reader deep into the world of a novel, creating those vital visual images that allow them to travel with the protagonist. Whether a story is set in the heart of the Amazon jungle, a post-apocalyptic landscape, or on one street in London, the way that setting is described can make all the difference to a reader's experience. "It's the setting that takes a reader deep into the world of a novel." @imogenclark IlkleyBut this is not the side of the town that I wanted to portray in my book. In the novel, my protagonist, Cara, is trapped in Ilkley, forced to care for her terminally ill father whilst her elder brother escapes to London. The twee parts of the town - the areas that attract the tourists - mean nothing to her. Instead, she (and therefore the reader), focus on the darkly ominous moor that rises up like a shadow behind her house. The Ilkley of the book is a dank place where the sky remains resolutely grey.Of course, back in the real world, the sun does occasionally shine in Yorkshire, and I had pangs of guilt at drawing such a bleak picture of my hometown. But I had to remember that I had to see it through Cara's eyes, and not my own. "Authors need to depict a place through their character's eyes, not their own."  @imogenclark I can safely say that as a result of my developmental editor's advice to better establish a better sense of place, my book has immeasurably improved. It sits solidly in its setting and truly belongs there. Giving my book a home has also helped me with the writing and hopefully gives my readers a more satisfactory experience too. If they were to describe my book to their friends they might say, â€Å"Oh, you know. The one that’s set in Ilkley.†Please  share your thoughts, experiences, or any questions for Imogen Clark, in the comments below!Postcards From a Stranger is available in paperback  and on Amazon Kindle.

MIH514 - Cross-Cultural Perspectives Module 2 - SLP Essay - 1

MIH514 - Cross-Cultural Perspectives Module 2 - SLP - Essay Example Culture insists that the eldest male in the family is the valued head of the household and as such must be obeyed (Carahar, 2000); he has important roles and responsibilities of provision for the family in terms of accommodation, protection, decision making, education, love and sustenance. A woman’s role as mother is to manage all matters pertaining to the house, take head place when father is not at home and take responsibility for the care of children; if she works outside the home many of her duties are divided among other family members; in fact the more hours she spends in employment the less she is required to work in the house and the more assistance she gets, mostly in terms of child care and cooking (Norzareen & Nobaya, 2010). The family roles in terms of gender however, are changing with the growing need for women to join the workforce; many Malaysian parents now share responsibilities as breadwinners and keepers of the house. Each supports the other manually, emotionally and socially in order to maintain a secure family unit in today’s Malaysian society (Norzareen & Nobaya, 2010). The workforce in Malaysia is young, well educated and easily trained within the workplace; in fact around 70% are below the age of 35; its increasing economy has created a need for skilled labor that is at most times in short supply and expected to increase because of the transfer to more modern technology and high end products. The unskilled labor shortage is being filled with the importation of migrant workers from neighboring countries (Country Commerce, 2006); in fact the majority come from Indonesia with other large cohorts entering from Thailand, the Philippines, Cambodia, Pakistan, Vietnam, India , Nepal and Bangladesh (Robertson, 2008). The government has strong control over the private sector and has played a key

Sailor Jerry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sailor Jerry - Essay Example Other than modernizing the tattooing industry, Sailor Jerry had a colorful and diverse life and career, which he balanced along with his love for tattooing (Levy 46,47,48). Sailor Jerry had developed an interest in tattooing and started practicing it ever since he was a teenager. The technique of tattooing used by him at that time was the hand-pricking method. Later on, he was taught how to use a tattoo machine by a Chicago tattooist named Tatts Thomas. Under Thomas’s training, Sailor Jerry would usually rehearse tattooing with a machine on drunken people who were brought to him. He kicked off his official career years later in Hawaii, where he opened his first tattoo parlor. Other than tattooing, Sailor Jerry also pursued the occupation of a dockworker in Hawaii, therefore adding some diversity to his life (Demelo 74). Having enlisted in the navy during World War II, Sailor Jerry also served as a merchant marine and so traveled to many places. He often tattooed people, especi ally sailors, at his ports of call. Having been to the Far East, and being exposed to tattoos on other sailors, he developed an interest in Asian imagery. This interest made him incorporate many Asian designs, such as dragons, into his art of tattooing. Besides this, Sailor Jerry was very protective of tattooing, and had a strong concern in developing it as an art form. Moreover, he believed that majority of the American tattooists were ‘greedy, talentless copycats’. As a result, he looked up and kept in touch with tattooists like Paul Rogers and Brooklyn Joe Lieber, who shared his opinion in improving the art of tattooing. Simultaneously, he spoke out against those who he saw as tainting the field through their sly business practices and lack of talent (Demelo 74). Sailor Jerry, on the other hand, seemed to have an excess of talent. A typical Sailor Jerry tattoo was distinguished from other tattoos by its bold and steadfast lines, along with an amazing attention to det ail. For instance, the riggings contained by his clipper ship tattoos were nautically accurate. However, it was only after he opened his last tattoo shop Chinatown, Honolulu that his fascination with the â€Å"Oriental style† of tattooing really flourished. During this time, he started a trade relationship with two tattooists (one was from Japan, while the other from Hong Kong), wherein he would trade American tattoo machines and needles for their advice and designs. From them, he learnt a lot about the ways Japanese used colors, shaded, and made use of the entire body as a canvas (Demelo 74; Sailorjerry.com). However, even though he incorporated some of the Japanese style of tattooing, the style Sailor Jerry used was completely unique. His art of tattooing consisted of the Japanese finger waves, wind bars, and full body tattoos which reflected the history and pop culture of America; the Spirit of ’76, the Alamo, General Custer at Little Big Horn, Rock of Ages, big bus ted mermaids, and many similar designs motivated by North American thinking. These designs were also different from the traditional American style (of unrelated and separate tattoos spread out on the body) because they were larger, fused, and custom made. The incorporation of Japanese styles in Sailor Jerry’s tattoos was sometimes criticized by patriotic Americans. However, Sailor Jerry’s success at improving the tattooing industry made up for

Preparedness Homeland Security 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Preparedness Homeland Security 2 - Essay Example The New York subway system is governed by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). It has 468 stations in its network. It has over 840 miles of track that service approximately 5.1 million passengers per week. In 2007, The New York subway system was ranked number 4 amongst the worlds transit system with a massive 1.563 billion riders per year. In 2009 subways cars were reported to travel 344.5 million miles per week with 8,279 miles per day being covered by 6,380 cars (Subways, p. 1). The subway system is massive and very vulnerable. A transportation system of this size is evidently significant to the operation of New York City on a day to day basis. This is an unfortunate acknowledgement that is apparent in terrorist attacks. Al-Qaeda associates openly plead guilty to plotting severe attacks on the Metropolitan subway system in 2009. The MTA: The MTA has had no reason in the past to afford special conditions on behalf of terrorism. The subway stations have had no need to sanction high end security to avoid bomb attacks. This ultimately makes an attack by suicide bombers an element of surprise. A surprise attack has the quality of being able to do massive amounts of damage with little resources. Being located underground is not a positive outlook when dealing with bomb threats. Bombs have the capacity to cause a massive collapse of the railway structures. Dependant on the type of explosive being used and where these explosives are located in the MTA system, there can be enough collateral damage to corrupt the entire underground network. The major issue that is presented with any public transportation is accessibility. Any local person can use the facilities at any given time. In the case of the New York underground railway terrorists are afforded a twenty-four hour gap to engage in any attack. They have access from any publicly available entrance during the process of each attack. They also have locations to choose from. This

Silver-graphene Oxide Composite for Optical Sensor

Silver-graphene Oxide Composite for Optical Sensor KHOSRO ZANGENEH KAMALI ORIGINAL LITERARY WORK DECLARATION FORM ABSTRACT In this work, a [emailprotected] oxide ([emailprotected]) nanocomposite-based optical sensor was developed for the detection of biomolecules such as dopamine (DA), ascorbic acid (AA), and uric acid (UA). An aqueous solution of [emailprotected] was prepared using a simple chemical reduction method, and it showed a characteristic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 402 nm. The SPR features of the [emailprotected] nanocomposite were used for the detection of DA, AA, and UA. The SPR intensity-based limits of detection (LoDs) of DA, AA, and UA were 49 nM, 634 nM, and 927 nM, respectively. The SPR band position-based LoDs of DA, AA, and UA were 30 nM, 1.64 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­M, and 2.15 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­M, respectively. The present optical sensor was more sensitive to DA than to UA and AA. The interactions of the biomolecules with [emailprotected] were studied based on the density functional theory (DFT), and it was found that DA had more interaction than AA and UA. This novel [emailprotected] nan ocomposite is simple to prepare and showed excellent stability and sensitivity toward the detection of biomolecules. The similar material is used for colorimetric detection of Mercury(II) ions (Hg(II)) that is able to show existence of 100  µM Hg(II) ions in solution by naked eyes. The development of this optical sensor for Hg(II) using silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) is based on the decrement in the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) absorption of the Ag NPs and the formation of silver-mercury (AgHg) amalgam. It is observed that increasing Hg(II) ions concentration in the solution results in the decrease of LSPR intensity and decolouration of the solution. The existence of GO prevents the agglomeration of Ag NPs and enhances the stability of the nanocomposite material, enabling this material to be used in industrial and real sample applications. ABSTRAK Di sini, oksida perak @ graphene (Ag @ GO) berdasarkan nanokomposit-sensor optik telah dibangunkan untuk mengesan biomolekul seperti dopamine (DA), asid askorbik (AA), dan asid urik (UA). Larutan akueus Ag @ GO telah disediakan dengan menggunakan kaedah pengurangan kimia yang mudah, dan ia menunjukkan satu ciri plasmon permukaan resonans (SPR) band di 402 nm. Ciri-ciri SPR daripada Ag @ GO nanokomposit telah digunakan untuk mengesan DA, AA, dan UA. Had keamatan-pengesanan (LoDs) bagi SPR berdasarkan daripada DA, AA, dan UA adalah masing-masing 49 nM, 634 nM, dan 927 nM,. The band SPR berdasarkan kedudukan-LoDS daripada DA, AA, dan UA adalah masing- masing 30 nM, 1.64 uM, dan 2.15 uM. Sensor optik masa kini adalah lebih sensitif kepada DA daripada UA dan AA. Interaksi daripada biomolekul dengan Ag @ GO dikaji berdasarkan ketumpatan teori fungsional (DFT), dan didapati bahawa DA mempunyai interaksi lebih daripada AA dan UA. Novel ini Ag @ GO nanokomposit adalah mudah untuk menyediakan dan menunjukkan kestabilan yang sangat baik dan kepekaan terhadap pengesanan biomolekul.Bahan yang sama telah digunakan untuk pengesanan colorimetric ion Mercury(II), (Hg(II)) yang mampu dilihat dengan kewujudan 100 ÃŽÂ ¼M ion Hg(II) dalam larutan dengan mata kasar. Pembangunan sensor optik bagi Hg(II) menggunakan nanozarah perak (Ag NPS) adalah berdasarkan pengurangan pada penyerapan Ag NPs resonan plasmon permukaan setempat (LSPR) dan pembentukan amalgam perak-merkuri (AgHg). Dapat diperhatikan bahawa peningkatan kepekatan ion Hg(II) memberikan hasil pengurangan pada intensiti LSPR dan perubahan warna. Peningkatan jumlah ion Hg(II) pada satu tahap membawa perubahan dalam morfologi Ag NPs dan pembentukan amalgam AgHg yang mempengaruhi LSPR Ag NPS dan menjadikan perubahan warna pada [emailprotected] Kehadiran GO menghalang penggumpalan Ag NPS dan meningkatkan kestabilan bahan nanokomposit yang membolehkan bahan ini untuk digunakan dalam industri dan aplikasi sampel sebenar. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS / DEDICATION TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents SILVER-GRAPHENE OXIDE COMPOSITE FOR OPTICAL SENSOR APPLICATIONS ORIGINAL LITERARY WORK DECLARATION FORM ABSTRACT ABSTRAK ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS / DEDICATION TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF APPENDICES CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2: LITRETURE REVIEW 2.1. Plasmonic band of metal Nanoparticles 2.2. Graphene Oxide 2.3. Sensor 2.3.1. Electrochemical sensor 2.3.2. Surface enhanced Raman scattering 2.3.3. Optical sensor 2.4.2 Amalgamation and LSPR CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1. Chemicals and Reagents 3.2. Preparation of [emailprotected] Nanocomposite 3.3. Characterization Techniques 3.4. Optical Detection of Biomolecules 3.5. Optical Detection of Hg(II) ions CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DESCUSSIONS 4.2. Optical Sensing of Biomolecules using [emailprotected] Nanocomposite 4.2.1. Morphological Studies of [emailprotected] after Addition of Biomolecules 4.2.2. Raman Studies of [emailprotected] Nanocomposite 4.2.3. Computational Studies 4.3. Optical sensing of Hg(II) ions 4.3.1. Optical properties of [emailprotected] nanocomposites 4.3.2. Optical sensing of Hg(II) ions by [emailprotected] nanocomposite 4.3.3. Mechanism for the Amalgamation based detection of Hg(II) ions with [emailprotected] nanocomposite 4.3.4. Characterization of [emailprotected] nanocomposite before and after addition of Hg(II) ions 4.3.5. Selectivity of [emailprotected] nanocomposite based optical sensor 4.3.6. Practical application CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND DISCISSION REFERENCES Supplementary Appendix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: UV-vis absorption spectra of (a) AgNO3 (b) GO, and (c) [emailprotected] nanocomposite. Inset: Photograph obtained for the aqueous solution of synthesized [emailprotected] nanocomposite. Figure 2: (A) Absorption spectra obtained for [emailprotected] nanocomposite upon each addition of 100 nM DA. (B) Plot of absorption intensity vs. DA concentration. (C) Plot of Id vs. DA concentration. (D) Plot of ÃŽ »max vs. DA concentration. Figure 3: (A) Absorption spectra obtained for [emailprotected] nanocomposite upon each addition of 5  µM AA. (B) Plot of absorption intensity vs. AA concentration. (C) Plot of Id vs. AA concentration. (D) Plot of ÃŽ »max vs. AA concentration. Figure 4: (A) Absorption spectra obtained for [emailprotected] nanocomposite upon each addition of 5  µM UA. (B) Plot of absorption intensity vs. UA concentration. (C) Plot of Id vs. UA concentration. (D) Plot of ÃŽ »max vs. UA concentration. Figure 5: TEM images of (A) as-prepared [emailprotected] nanocomposite and after additions of (B) AA, (C) UA, and (D) DA. Figure 6: Raman spectra of (a) [emailprotected] and (b) [emailprotected] with 1-à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­M additions of (b) DA, (c) UA, and (d) AA. Figure 7: Electron density map and energy gap of HOMO and LUMO energy levels for Ag and DA, UA, and AA adducts, respectively calculated by DFT methods. Figure 8: Absorption spectra for the (a) AgNO3, (b) GO and [emailprotected] nanocomposite. Figure 9: Absorption spectral changes observed for the [emailprotected] nanocomposite (A) before and (B) after the addition of 200  µM Hg(II) ions. Inset: The digital photographic images taken for the corresponding solution. Figure 10: (A) Absorption spectral changes observed for [emailprotected] nanocomposite upon each addition of 100 nm ÃŽ ¼M of Hg(II) ions to the solution. (B) Plot of changes in the absorption intensity maximum at ÃŽ »LSPR of [emailprotected] nanocomposite against various Hg(II) ions concentr Figure 11: (A) Schematic explain the function of GO in the detection Hg(II) ions. (a) Addition of Hg(II) ions into a solution containing [emailprotected] nanocomposite. (b) Adsorption of Hg(II) ions on the surface of GO. (c) Interaction of Hg(II) ions with Ag NPs and formation of AgHg amalgam. (B) Schematic representation for the formation of AgHg amalgam and its influence in absorption spectra of the Ag NPs present in the [emailprotected] nanoparticles. Figure 12: Overview and high magnification TEM images obtained for the [emailprotected] nanocomposite before (A andB) and after addition of 200  µM Hg(II) ions (C and D). Figure 13: X-ray diffraction patterns obtained for the [emailprotected] nanocomposite (a) before and (b) after addition of 200  µM Hg(II) ions. Figure 14: XPS spectra obtained for the AgHg amalgam particles and their corresponding (A) Ag 3d and (B) Hg 4f regions of core-level spectra. Figure 15: Cyclic voltammograms recorded in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution with pH 7.0 at a scan rate of 50 mV s−1 for the GC electrode coated with the solution containing [emailprotected] nanocomposite (A) before and (B) after addition of 200  µM Hg(II) ions. Figure 16: Difference in percentage of Ag NPs absorbance peak reduction observed for [emailprotected] nanocomposite in the presence of 200  µM Hg(II), Na(I), K(I), Mn(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Fe(II) and Fe(III) into the individual solutions. Inset: Photograph taken after the addition of 200  µM of Hg(II) ), Na(I), K(I), Mn(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Fe(II) and Fe(III) into the individual solution. LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Analytical performances of [emailprotected] nanocomposite for the detection of DA, UA and AA in human urine sample. Table 2: Comparison of the sensing performance of some of the Ag NPs towards Hg(II) ions. Table 3: Determination of Hg(II) ions in different water samples by using [emailprotected] nanocomposite. LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS DAdopamine UAuric acid AAascorbic acid LoD limit of Detection LSPRlocalized surface plasmon resonance SPRsurface plasmon resonance SERSsurface enhanced resonance plasmon scattering mmili  µmicro nnano Mmolar HPLChigh-performance liquid chromatography NPsnanoparticles Hg(II) ionmercury (II) ion GOgraphene oxide rGOreduced graphene oxide GCEglassy carbon electrode eVelectron volt DFTdensity functional theory HRTEMhigh resolution transmission electron microscope XRDX-ray diffraction XPSX-ray photoelectron spectroscopy FESEMfield emission scanning electron microscope a.u.arbitrary unit LIST OF APPENDICES CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION For several decades, silver (Ag) nanoparticles have been attracting attention because of their excellent optical and electronic properties, high catalytic activity, and biocompatibility. Hence, they are used in a wide range of applications such as catalysis 1, solar cells 2,3, and optical 4 and electrochemical sensors 5. Ag nanoparticles possess a sharp absorption in the visible region (400–500 nm), depending on the size of the nanoparticles. This absorption feature arises from the surface plasmon resonance (SPR), which is the absorption of light by the nanoparticles because of surface vibrations between atoms 6–8. This SPR feature allows Ag nanoparticles to be used in optical sensors for the detection of toxic metals 9, biomolecules 10, and organic compounds 11. The addition of any analyte to the Ag nanoparticles leads to assembled/aggregated nanoparticles. This influences the SPR absorption band and is extensively used to follow the molecular recognition processes. Dopamine (DA) is an important catecholamine that belongs to the family of excitatory chemical neurotransmitters. It plays an essential role in the functioning of the drug addiction, cardiovascular, renal, central nervous, and hormonal systems, and in Parkinson’s disease 12. Thus, it is very important to develop a simple sensor for the detection of a sub-micro-molar concentration of DA. In recent years, the detection of biomolecules such as uric acid (UA) and ascorbic acid (AA) in human fluids such as urine and serum has gained considerable attention 13. A deficiency or excess amount of UA in the body causes several diseases, including Lesch/Nyhan syndrome, hyperuricaemia, and gout 14. Cardiovascular disease and kidney damage result from an elevated UA concentration in serum 15. Analytical methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 16, spectrofluorimetry 17, spectrophotometry 18, mass spectrometry 19, and electrochemical sensors 20 have been reported for the detection of these neurotransmitter molecules. However, the existing detection methods have several limitations such as the need for expensive equipment, well-trained operators, and tedious sampling and time-consuming procedures. Alternatively, an optical sensor platform is more attractive for sensing a wide range of analytes. It is cost effective, portable, has a rapid response, and can provide real-time analyses. Recently, Ramaraj and his coworker reported a silicate-Ag nanoparticle-based optical sensor for the detection of DA, UA, and AA with LODs of 5, 5, and 1 nM, respectively 9 (Figure 1). Most commonly, Ag nanoparticles are synthesized using various chemical and physical methods, which are not eco-friendly and suffer from problems that include the poor reproducibility and stability of the Ag nanoparticles due to colloidal aggregation 21. In order to overcome such limitations, considerable efforts have been made to prepare Ag nanoparticles on polymer 22, silicate sol-gel 11, and graphene nanosheets 23. Among these, Ag-graphene has a large surface area and strong van der Waals force between the graphene and Ag nanoparticles, which significantly reduces nanoparticle aggregation. In addition, the high interfacial interactions ensure the stability of the Ag nanoparticles 24. In this study, graphene oxide-supported Ag nanoparticles were prepared using a simple chemical reduction method and used in an optical sensor for the detection of biomolecules such as DA, AA, and UA (Figure 2). The present synthetic method for the for preparation of [emailprotected] nanocomposite has a dvantages over other methods 11, 21-24 such as, long term stability, high homogeneity, rapid and ease of preparation and avoids any surfactant, stabilizers. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) attracted much attention due to its biocompatibility, high catalytic activity, anti-bacterial activity, electronic and optical properties 25–28. The Ag NPs possess a principal absorption band in the region of 400 nm due to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)29,30. This SPR feature of Ag NPs is aroused due to the collective oscillation of electrons on the surface of the Ag NPs that are excited by incident electromagnetic waves 31. The SPR band position and intensity mainly depend on the size, shape and refractive index 32. This SPR band of Ag NPs is more sensitive to the surrounding environment and it significantly influences the band position and intensity. Based on the changes in the LSPR band position and intensity, an optical sensor platform with Ag NPs was developed to detect the wide range of analytes, including biomolecules 33, nitroaromatics 34, phenolic compounds 35, and heavy metal ions 36. Among the investigated analytes, heavy metal ions especially Hg(II) ions are more often monitored with Ag NPs through the optical sensing method owing to its high toxicity and solubility in water37. Mercuric (Hg(II)) ions are mainly released into the atmosphere from solid waste incineration, power plants, and bumping fossil fuels38 that pollute water, soil and air 39,40. The existence of Hg(II) ions in water causes serious damage to the brain, nervous system, kidneys and endocrine system of living organisms41. Developing a system for detecting Hg(II) with high sensitivity and selectivity against other common metal ions dissolved in water is a challenge in recent years 42–47. From an environmental point of view the development of an inexpensive, simple, selective and sensitive method of detection of Hg(II) becomes highly important. There are many types of sensors invented to detect Hg(II) in the environment. Some studies reported the detection of Hg(II) ions using electrochemical methods 48,49. Although they achieved a very high limit of detection (LoD), they need to use expensive apparatus and complicated setup. For the electrochemical testing of Hg(II) sample, the fabrication of an electrode is necessary, and that is a very tedious process. In addition, the detection of Hg(II) using fluorescence spectrometry has been widely investigated 50,51. Although this method is simple and is able to detect trace amounts of Hg(II) ions in solution, it requires expensive equipment to work. In this respect, colorimetric sensors are cheaper and do not require tedious preparation methods, colorimetric sensors have the advantage that the existence of Hg(II) is easily discernible to the naked eye without being affected by other possible dissolved ions 52–59. Recently, Hg(II) ion sensing was reported with noble metals su ch as Au and Ag by utilizing the size/interparticle distance-dependent optical properties and high extinction coefficients 60–62. The interaction between surfactants and metal NPs results in changes to the refractive index of these NPs and the LSPR band 32,33. They also may electrostatically repel the analyte, preventing it from interacting with the metal NPs and reduces the sensitivity of the sensor. In this study, the Ag NPs was prepared by using a simple chemical reduction agent and stabilized on graphene oxide (GO) sheets. Subsequently, the [emailprotected] nanocomposite was used to develop a colorimetric sensor for the detection of Hg(II) with the naked eye and an optical sensor also developed based on the LSPR changes upon the addition of various Hg(II) concentrations. This significant change in the LSPR of the Ag NPs is due to change in the morphology through the formation of AgHg amalgam. Selectivity in the detection of Hg(II) in the presence of various environmentall y relevant metal ions was also studied. CHAPTER 2: LITRETURE REVIEW 2.1. Plasmonic band of metal Nanoparticles Most probably gold nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized in the 5th or 4th century BC in China and Egypt regions 63. From that time, gold NPs have been used in both medicine and aesthetic aspects. As the result of the interesting optical properties of gold NPs, they were used for changing color of glass 64, pottery and ceramics 65. Faraday got interested about the optical properties of gold NPs and reported about the range of colors of gold nanoparticles colloidal solutions from ruby red to amethyst in 1857. Then he studied the factors influencing the color of gold NPs solutions and concluded that ‘‘the mere variation in the size of particles gave rise to a variety of resultant colors’’. Other than their optical properties, many applications of metal nanoparticles have been found in biochemistry, catalysis and sensors. For instance, one of the anti-odour commercialized devices in Japan is using the technology of immobilizing gold nanoparticles in oxide matrixes as active oxidation catalysts 66. In defenitions, nanoparticles are particles composed of number of atoms, ranging from 3 to 107 67. Nanoparticles feature properties are different from atoms or bulk material due to their size. The metallic nanoparticles larger than 2 nm possess a strong and broad absorption band in the UV-visible spectrum that is called surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band. This absorbance has discovered by Gustav Mie and known as Mie resonance 67. For smaller nanoparticles, quantum effects become more prominent and LSPR disappears. All metal nanoparticles possess the mensioned optical property, but the series of Au, Ag and Cu have very intense LSPRs. Other than that, their easy synthesis methods and their robustness to environmental conditions made silver and gold NPs to widely be used in this field. The LSPR features such as position, shape and intensity are strongly depends on various factors, to mention: the changes in the interparticle distance of the NPs and , a nd the changes in the refractive index of the local surrounding environment 68. There are indeed other types of plasmonic signals, such as the surface plasmon resonance band produced by planar metallic films, in reflection or transmission, some of them being called plasmon polaritons. Though the resulting physics is extremely exciting and the recent discoveries numerous, it is out of the scope of present thesis and they will not discuss further. In recent years, many theories were adopted by both physicists and chemists in order to give a clear description of the SPR band and on the main factors impacting its position, broadness and intensity. Many works has done to overview the existing plasmon band theories 67, and explain the SPR band by Mie and effective medium theory 69. There are some researches to explain optical propertiese of NPs with arbitrary shape by Maxwell equation theory 6. The phenomenon on absorbance of certain wavelength of light observed in transmission of light through metal nanoparticles in solid or solution phase, is called localized surface plasmon resonance band (LSPR).Nanoparticles intract with incident light in certain frequency that result global scattering of it. This observation can be explained by the collective resonance of the conduction electrons of the nanoparticle, due to interaction of electrons in nanoparticles with light. The evaluation of all parameters of material, specially its dielectric constant is necessary for understanding and study this phenomena. Usually, dielectric constant of nanoparticles count same as its bulk form and confinement effects and defects induced by edges or impurities will be neglected. For this aim a study on electrostatics in bulk metal by using Maxwell equations is necessary. In formulating the dielectric constant with known parameters, the Drude model, which describes the motion of free electrons in a metal can be applied. Then the question of the nanoparticles will be addressed: the conditions for conducting electrons resonance will be determined by several means. The determination of the frequency of the absorption maximum (denoted , the frequency of the Mie resonance), the height of this maximum and the width of the peak will be the ultimate goal of the calculations. The different geometrical confinement effect of free electrons on each material caused the electronic motion for nanoparticles vary material by material. Indeed, here the nanoparticles can be seen as a cationic network in which a cloud of conducting electrons (or free electrons) moves and oscillates. Nanoparticles dimensions are very small compared to the wavelength of the UV-visible light for which the phenomenon is observed and also comparable to the mean free path of electrons. The surface plasmon band is known to the resonance of the electronic cloud with the incident wave and the mechanics of this phenomeno n can be evaluated. In the case of nanoparticles, the conditions that electron cloud can resonate needs to be calculated. For this aim, The dielectric constant of metal nanoparticles assumed to be the same as the bulk material. Some postulates then become incorrect, but in calculation we have to keep them as an approximation. For instance, the electron density in small particles (r = 0) is not uniform and the charge will accumulate in particle edges and surface. Other than that, since the size of nanoparticles is very small comparing to the wavelength of incident light, we can consider that all electrons in the nanoparticle face with the same field at the given time and the electric field is independent of position 67. This hypothesis is known as the quasi-static approximation. When the electric field incidents to the particle, it result the displacement of the electron cloud that leads to the creation of surface charges. The positive charge would be where the cloud is lacking and the negative charge would be where it is concentrated (Fig. 1). 67 The therm â€Å"surface† is justified by the electron cloud charge mentioned in previous statements. However, we have to kep in mind that all the electrons are moving together (collectively) under the influence of electromagnetic field. This collective oscillation leads to plasmon polaritons, 64 that is different with the free plasmon in the bulk metal.67 The term â€Å"plasmon† was given to the SPR phenomenon by Shopper, due to the bounded gaseous plasmon oscillations.67 The dipolar charge repartition imposes a new force on the electron cloud. The electrons undergo a restoring force which conflicts with the external electric field. Figure.‎0.1. Schematic description of electronic cloud displacements in nanoparticles under the effect of a electromagnetic wave. 2.2. Graphene Oxide Recently, chemically modified graphene (CMG) has been studied in the context of many applications, energy-related materials, such as polymer composites, ‘paper’-like materials, field-effect transistors (FET), sensors, and biomedical applications, due to its excellent electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. 70–72 Chemical modification of graphene oxide, which is generated from graphite oxide, has been a promising route to achieve mass production of CMG platelets. Graphene oxide contains a range of reactive oxygen functional groups, which renders it a good candidate for use in the aforementioned applications (among others) through chemical functionalizations. Although graphene known a relative novel material of broad interest and potential,1,3 GO has a history that extends back many decades to some of the earliest studies involving the chemistry of graphite.4–6 The first, the British chemist B. C. Brodie was exploring the structure of graphite by investigating the reactivity of f

Exploring Birds Article, College is a Waste of Time and Money Essay

Exploring Bird's Article, College is a Waste of Time and Money In the article "College is a Waste of Time and Money", Caroline Bird explains why higher education may not be the best choice for high school graduates. Bird writes that students do not attend college because they want to, but because of what others expect. College is merely the trend in today's society. It is an escape from the real world. Students may be shuffled into a system that is neither financially nor academically beneficial. During the first part of the article the author writes that colleges use techniques to sell themselves to students just like any other product on the market. They advertise what they have to offer and tell students what they want to hear. Students choose a school because of recreational facilities, social reputation, or by what they have heard about the academic expectations. Students do not have the money to go to college in the first place, then they end up being unhappy when they get there. A feeling of sadness exists in colleges around the country. Students do not feel of sense o...

Personal Health Assessment Essay

Overall, there are six dimensions of health that can be examined to determine if a person is healthy and fit or to see what area in his or her life needs improvement. This includes physical, psychological, spiritual, social, intellectual, and environmental dimensions. â€Å"When all of the six dimensions are at high levels and in balance, we have optimal health and well-being† (Blonna & Watter, 2005, p. 5). The three dimensions of health that I feel I am strongest at are the physical, sscial, and intellectual dimensions. Physically, I am contented with how I look and feel. I believe that I am healthy and that I take the proper precautions to take care of my body. Being free from any illnesses does not mean that a person fulfils the physical dimension of health. I think that one has to be satisfied about his or her overall health and body in order for him or her to say that he or she is physically healthy. In addition, being positive about how a person sees his or her body contributes to a better physical health. I would also like to indicate that I fulfil the social dimension of health since I do not have a problem reaching out to people. I have excellent relationships with my friends and family and this helps me grow as a person. I believe that keeping this dimension healthy is important because having people that would support you greatly contributes to a person’s well-being and improvement of the other five dimensions. The third dimension of health that I think I am strongest at is the intellectual dimension. I believe that I think clearly and that I can understand things the way they should be understood. I am very open-minded when it comes to arguing and accepting things that are not in line with my beliefs. I can argue with other people rationally and with the right common sense. On the other hand, I feel that my spiritual dimension needs improvement. â€Å"Spiritual wellness is the state of harmony with yourself and others. It is the ability to balance inner needs with the demands of the rest of the world† (Edlin, Golanty, & Brown, 1999, p. ). With our fast paced world, it is very hard for one to sit down and think about these kinds of things. There are so many distractions around us that we forget to think about our spirituality. I think that it is important for me to address this issue at this time because it would help me improve my overall well-being. I understand the importance of spiritual life and I would like to engage myself better with this area. For a person to impro ve, he or she needs determination and commitment. Improvement, especially in the area of spirituality, would not mean anything if there is no purpose behind it and if the person is doing it just for the sake of saying he or she has improved. I would like to start off by trying to learn more about what I want in terms of spiritual fulfilment. I would then gradually engage myself in my religion and take small steps to improve my inner self. I think that I would have to get to know myself better in order for me to realize what I want and need. Personally, I expect to learn from this course ways on how to know myself better, how to improve myself completely, and how to determine which areas in my life need improvements the most. Although determining is easy, it is better to learn through a knowledgeable instructor and through related materials and activities. Taking this course would also make it easier because I will be able to learn with a group of other people and not just by myself.

How and Why Guinea Pigs Were Domesticated

How and Why Guinea Pigs Were Domesticated Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) are small rodents raised in the South American Andes mountains not as friendly pets, but primarily for dinner. Called cuys, they reproduce rapidly and have large litters. Today guinea pig feasts are connected with religious ceremonies throughout South America, including feasts associated with Christmas, Easter, Carnival, and Corpus Christi. Modern domesticated adult Andean guinea pigs range from eight to eleven inches long and weigh between one and two pounds. They live in harems, approximately one male to seven females. Litters are generally three to four pups, and sometimes as many as eight; the gestation period is three months. Their lifespan is between five and seven years. Domestication Date and Location Guinea pigs were domesticated from the wild cavy (most likely Cavia tschudii, although some scholars suggest Cavia aperea), found today in the western (C. tschudii) or central (C. aperea) Andes. Scholars believe that domestication occurred between 5,000 and 7,000 years ago, in the Andes. Changes identified as the effects of domestication are increased body size and litter size, changes in behavior and hair coloration. Cuys are naturally gray, domesticated cuys have multicolored or white hair. Keeping Guinea Pigs in the Andes Since both wild and domestic forms of guinea pigs can be studied in a laboratory, behavioral studies of the differences have been completed. Differences between wild and domestic guinea pigs are in some part behavioral and part physical. Wild cuys are smaller and more aggressive  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹and pay more attention to their local environment than domestic ones and wild male cuys do not tolerate each other and live in harems with one male and several females. Domestic guinea pigs are larger and more tolerant of multi-male groups, and exhibit increased levels of social grooming of one another and increased courtship behavior. In traditional Andean households, cuys were (and are) kept indoors but not always in cages; a high stone sill at the entrance of a room keeps cuys from escaping. Some households built special rooms or cubby holes for cuys, or more typically keep them in the kitchens. Most Andean households kept at least 20 cuys; at that level, using a balanced feeding system, Andean families could produce at least 12 pounds of meat per month without decreasing their flock. Guinea pigs were fed barley and kitchen scraps of vegetables, and the residue from making chicha (maize) beer. Cuys were valued in folk medicines and its entrails were used to divine human illness. Subcutaneous fat from the guinea pig was used as a general salve. Archaeology and the Guinea Pig The first archaeological evidence of the human use of guinea pigs dates to about 9,000 years ago. They may have been domesticated as early as 5,000 BC, probably in the Andes of Ecuador; archaeologists have recovered burned bones and bones with cut marks from midden deposits beginning about that time. By 2500 BC, at sites such as the Temple of the Crossed Hands at Kotosh and at Chavin de Huantar, cuy remains are associated with ritual behaviors. Cuy effigy pots were made by the Moche (circa AD 500-1000). Naturally mummified cuys have been recovered from the Nasca site of Cahuachi and the late prehispanic site of Lo Demas. A cache of 23 well-preserved individuals was discovered at Cahuachi; guinea pig pens were identified at the Chimu site of Chan Chan. Spanish chroniclers including Bernabe Cobo and Garcilaso de la Vega wrote about the role of the guinea pig in Incan diets and ritual. Becoming a Pet Guinea pigs were introduced into Europe during the sixteenth century, but as pets, rather than food. Remains of one guinea pig were recently discovered within excavations at the town of Mons, Belgium, representing the earliest archaeological identification of guinea pigs in Europeand similar in time to the 17th-century paintings which illustrate the creatures, such as the 1612 Garden of Eden by Jan Brueghel the Elder. The excavations at the site of a proposed parking lot revealed a living quarter which had been occupied beginning in medieval times. The remains include eight bones of a guinea pig, all found within a middle-class cellar and adjacent cesspit, radiocarbon dated between AD 1550-1640, shortly after the Spanish conquest of South America. The recovered bones included a complete skull and the right part of the pelvis, leading Pigià ¨re et al. (2012) to conclude that this pig was not eaten, but rather kept as a domestic animal and discarded as a complete carcass. Sources History of the Guinea Pig  from archaeologist Michael Forstadt. Asher, Matthias. Large males dominate: Ecology, social organization, and mating system of wild cavies, the ancestors of the guinea pig. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, Tanja Lippmann, Jà ¶rg Thomas Epplen, et al., Research Gate, July 2008. Gade DW. 1967.  The Guinea Pig in Andean Folk Culture.  Geographical Review  57(2):213-224. Kà ¼nzl C, and Sachser N. 1999.  The Behavioral Endocrinology of Domestication: A Comparison between the Domestic Guinea Pig (Cavia apereaf.porcellus) and Its Wild Ancestor, the Cavy (Cavia aperea).  Hormones and Behavior  35(1):28-37. Morales E. 1994.  The Guinea Pig in the Andean Economy: From Household Animal to Market Commodity.  Latin American Research Review 29(3):129-142. Pigià ¨re F, Van Neer W, Ansieau C, and Denis M. 2012.  New archaeozoological evidence for the introduction of the guinea pig to Europe.  Journal of Archaeological Science  39(4):1020-1024. Rosenfeld SA. 2008.  Delicious guinea pigs: Seasonality studies and the use of fat in the pre-Columbian Andean diet.  Quaternary International  180(1):127-134. Sachser, Norbert. Of Domestic and Wild Guinea Pigs: Studies in Sociophysiology, Domestication, and Social Evolution. Naturwissenschaften, Volume 85, Issue 7, SpringerLink, July 1998. Sandweiss DH, and Wing ES. 1997.  Ritual Rodents: The Guinea Pigs of Chincha, Peru.  Journal of Field Archaeology  24(1):47-58. Simonetti JA, and Cornejo LE. 1991.  Archaeological Evidence of Rodent Consumption in Central Chile.  Latin American Antiquity  2(1):92-96. Spotorno AE, Marin JC, Manriquez G, Valladares JP, Rico E, and Rivas C. 2006.  Ancient and modern steps during the domestication of guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus L.).  Journal of Zoology  270:57–62. Stahl PW. 2003.  Pre-columbian Andean animal domesticates at the edge of empire.  World Archaeology  34(3):470-483. Trillmich F, Kraus C, Kà ¼nkele J, Asher M, Clara M, Dekomien G, Epplen JT, Saralegui A, and Sachser N. 2004. Species-level differentiation of two cryptic species pairs of wild cavies, genera Cavia and Galea, with a discussion of the relationship between social systems and phylogeny in the Caviinae.  Canadian Journal of Zoology  82:516-524.

How Reporters Get Quotes for Their News Stories

How Reporters Get Quotes for Their News Stories So you’ve done a long interview with a source, you have pages of notes, and you’re ready to write. But chances are you’ll only be able to fit a few quotes from that lengthy interview into your article. Which ones should you use? Reporters often talk about using only â€Å"good† quotes for their stories, but what does this mean? What Is a Good Quote? Broadly speaking, a good quote is when someone says something interesting, and says it in an interesting way. Look at the following two examples: â€Å"We will use U.S. military force in an appropriate and decisive manner.† â€Å"When I take action, I’m not going to fire a $2 million missile at a $10 empty tent and hit a camel in the butt. It’s going to be decisive.† Which is the better quote? Let’s consider this by asking a broader question: What should a good quote do? Grab the Reader’s Attention Using our two examples, it’s clear the first quote is dry and academic-sounding. It sounds like a sentence taken from a particularly dull research paper or dissertation. The second quote, on the other hand, is colorful and even funny. Evoke Images A good quote, like good writing, evokes images in the reader’s mind. Using our two examples, it’s clear the first quote evokes nothing. But the second quote evokes a bizarre image that’s bound to stick in the reader’s brain – a camel being hit in the posterior with an expensive, high-tech missile. Convey a Sense of the Speaker’s Personality Our first quote leaves no impression of who the speaker might be. Indeed, it sounds more like a scripted line from an anonymous Pentagon press release. The second quote, however, gives the reader a feel for the personality of the speaker – in this case, President George Bush. The reader gets a sense of both Bush’s determination and his penchant for off-the-cuff humor. Convey Regional Differences in Speech Looking again at our first quote, can you discern where the speaker was raised? Of course not. But one could argue that Bush’s quote, with its salty humor and coarse imagery, contains some of the colors of his Texas upbringing. A reporter I worked with once covered a tornado in the Deep South. He interviewed victims of the twister and in his story contained a quote that included the phrase, â€Å"I tell you what.† That’s a phrase you’re only likely to hear in the South, and by putting it in his story, the reporter gave readers a feel for the region and the people affected by the storm. A good reporter could do the same thing in any area with distinctive patterns of speech, from the South Bronx to the upper Midwest to East Los Angeles. Given everything we’ve discussed, it seems clear the second of our two examples is by far the better quote. So what makes a bad quote? Unclear Speech Anytime someone says something in an unclear or unintelligible fashion, chances are you’re not going to use that as a quote. In such cases, if the information contained in the quote is important to your story, paraphrase it – put it into your own words. In fact, reporters often must paraphrase much of what they gather in interviews because many people simply don’t speak very clearly. People don’t craft their speech the way a writer crafts a sentence. Basic Factual Data If you’re interviewing a source who’s giving you reams of data, such as numbers or statistics, that kind of information should be paraphrased. There’s simply no point in quoting, for instance, the CEO who tells you his company’s revenues increased 3 percent in the second quarter, 5 percent in the third quarter and so on. It may be important for your story, but it’s boring as a quote. Profane or Offensive Speech Most mainstream news organizations have policies banning or limiting the use of vulgar or offensive speech in news stories. So, for example, if a source you’re interviewing starts swearing profusely, or uttering racial slurs, you’re probably not going to be able to quote them. An exception to that rule might be if the profane or offensive speech serves some larger purpose in your story. For instance, if you’re profiling your town’s mayor, and he has a reputation for salty language, you might use part of a profane quote in your story to show that, indeed, the man likes to cuss.

Answer the questions for each of the articles Quant and Quali Research Paper

Answer the questions for each of the articles Quant and Quali - Research Paper Example 53). The design is generally categorized under the major class of quantitative approaches to research. The major category of the design was experimental design. The random assignment of sampled subjects into a treatment and control group are identifiers characteristic of an experimental design (Sears et al., 2010, p. 53). An independent variable is a variable that the researcher has control over. In this case, the independent variable in the research was the mode of training adopted for nursing education. The manipulation of this variable was attained by assigning differing models of nursing education delivery, which included clinical simulation-based education and actual clinical placement. The dependent variable is the measured element of interest, which is affected in the research, and in this research the dependent variable was the medication errors (Sears et al., 2010, p. 52). Survey forms were used as the data collection instruments and these were filled by the instructors and students (Sears et al., 2010, p. 53). Observed medication errors were entered into forms that only bore the instructor’s name in order to preserve the confidentiality of the participating students. The external validity of the research was low because the research cannot be widely generalized. In spite of randomly selecting the participants, generalization cannot be possible for other populations and locations because all participants were from a single collaborative nursing program. This limitation reduces the external validity, but it can be overcome if the research could be replicated for different populations and locations across different times (Sears et al., 2010, p. 54). The second research titled â€Å"Whatever it takes": nursing students experiences of administering medication in the clinical setting† was authored by Happell, B. Walker, S. Moxham, L. and Reid-Searl, K. The research appeared in the seventh issue of the 20th volume of the

The working class of Indian mens working in the field of Fashion Dissertation

The working class of Indian mens working in the field of Fashion - Dissertation Example The study "The working class of Indian mens working in the field of Fashion" talks about The working class of Indian fashion Industry. With industrialization and mass production fashion got a new shape in the western world. Fashion industry has became more popular when combined with visual effects, that is through the art of photography which brings the outcomes of the designers to the doors of common people through different print media forms. on one hand photography makes the dresses and models all the more attractive and famous, while on the other, it makes the conceptual loopholes quite prominent. The 16 page editorial published in the Vogue Issue of August 2008 in India sees the new nation as a place where even the poor class takes to expensive brands and carries it off gracefully. Hence Vogue attempts to make fashion reach out to all classes of people instead of the wealthy ones or celebrities. The magazine published some photos of lower middle class people flaunting expensive branded clothes and accessories. However this kind of portrayal drew lots of controversy because the people modeling in the magazine belonged to the similar class, which witnessed suicides and poverty. What becomes prominent in this discussion is the strong influence of western culture or the cultural dependency witnessed by the Indian fashion industry. Yet, the same fashion trends which has been a pride of the glamour seeking people of the upper middle class and wealthy sections are now imposed upon. those working class people who are merely able to cover their cost of production of labor hours and some who are not even able to do so. They perhaps belong to the class of contractual or casual workers who thrive to make both ends meet. When we think of the designers and fashion photographers a finger might be raised at their sensitivity towards the human dignity. It hurts when one sees the contrast between the social status and the expensive brands. Why would a person thriving for ba re survival want to use a Burberry umbrella? Even if we assume this might one day become an economically viable option, the individual might not decide to flaunt his money through these brands even if he can afford it. The middle class people working in the fashion industry (photographers, designers and editors of fashion magazines) need to be sensitive to the ethical viability of any form of art which represents fashion trends. This prompts us to ask the question: Can Vogue’s way of representing ‘new India’ support Realism or it is an example of Aestheticism in fashion photography? II. LITERATURE REVIEW This section attempts to discuss the theories of Realism and Aestheticism in visual art and how they apply to fashion photography in particular. Reviews of different literatures are covered to learn about the evolution of fashion industry in India and the works of different fashion photographers including the way they portray fashion in the daily lives of the soc iety. The study incorporates details regarding the middle class people working in the fashion industry of India and how they portray culture and economy through their works. How the trends change along with the impact of globalization and economic upgradation. At the end of the review one might raise questions about ethics and priorities while portraying