General Education Curriculum Access Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

General Education Curriculum Access - Essay Example In the 2004 â€Å"reauthorization, another provision was added to take the monitoring process further† (p. 234) Districts with an overrepresentation of minority group members in special education must set aside 15 percent of their federal aid for students, particularly those in grades K-3, who need â€Å"additional academic and behavioral support to succeed in a general education environment,† according to the law (Andy and Beaker, 2001). The 2004 reauthorization also required states to allow districts to use a strategy called â€Å"response to intervention,† as a tool for determining if a child has a specific learning disability. Response to intervention, or RTI, involves early identification of students’ learning problems and the use of increasingly intensive lessons, or interventions, to address those problems before they become entrenched. The process has been credited as a factor in reducing the overall rate of students diagnosed with specific learnin g disabilities, which has been on a  steady decline  since 2005, Aruba (2001). ... Although parents often play an important role in securing special education services for their children, much of the responsibility of helping students with disabilities succeed in the classroom falls to teachers, Camacho and Perez-Quiroz (2002). No Child Left Behind and IDEA require special education teachers to be â€Å"highly qualified† in special education as well as in the subjects they teach. General educators, who typically have more experience teaching a specific subject area, must be able to work effectively with students with special needs, but they are not required to be highly qualified to teach students with disabilities† (Camacho and Perez-Quiroz, 2002). An experienced special education teacher typically has helped support the learning of hundreds of children with disabilities or other special needs. In order to be qualified for this work, she has had to undergo a rigorous certification process, which graduate generally includes course work at the undergrad uate and/or level in special education, depending upon the specific licensure requirements in her state (Andy and Beaker, 2001). Susan is a first grader with a wonderful imagination who loves listening to stories and quickly incorporates new words into her spoken vocabulary. Yet, while most of her classmates have begun to read fluently, she continues laboring over each word and her comprehension remains low. Susan is not a real student, but a composite of many students familiar to virtually every experienced teacher: the ones who appear bright and engaged but inexplicably founder when trying to learn some essential part of the curriculum. Determining whether a student like Susan has a specific learning

Railroad history Essay Example for Free

Railroad history Essay The reasons why Villard failed to build a profitable railroad was that he never bothered to study much about railroads so he made many mistakes such as, he rushed to the wilderness to collect his subsidies he thought that by building the rail on an area with a beautiful view he would attract tourism in the area and so they would pay handsomely to tour, so he chose to build in the northwest because of its beauty. This increased the cost of building the railroad because he had to increase the bends, the steepness and the length of the railroad to be able to take in the rocky Mountain View. Villard also did create in areas around the hot springs in broad water county, Montana and at Bozeman costly health spas. This and more expensive buildings and structures made Villard go broke because the tourist opted to visit else where. Though the federal aid and foreign investors had given Villard some space for mistakes he made way too many. He was so eager to rush to the coast that he built when the cost of materials and construction in whole was very stiff. High cost amounts to high rates and this hindered the tourists from traveling through the NP. Railroad acted as an alternative mode of transport which farmers used to travel from rural areas to the urban market whenever they had need, they also used the railroad to transport their produce thus interacting with people from other parts of the country. As the railroad changed people’s experiences, it also changed the time concepts. If a person wanted to travel from point A to point B it became more faster than pre railroad days where one had to use horses on bad road, board a steamboat, Railroads decreased the cost of distance and increased the value of time.

Importance Of Explicit Knowledge Information Technology Essay

Importance Of Explicit Knowledge Information Technology Essay This document deals about the importance of Explicit Knowledge in the organizations. Most of the knowledge occurs in the organizations in the form of tacit knowledge. Here we deal with how to transform the tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge. The accumulation, storage and reuse of the explicit knowledge. Here we are talking about the barriers in the acquiring of explicit knowledge. The use of technology for the purpose of accumulation, storing and reuse of knowledge is also discussed. Todays business environment knowledge is emerged as a driving force in the organization. The knowledge workers and their ability are very important (LI , BRAKE,CHAMPION ,FULLER,GABEL AND HATCHER-BUSCH 2009 : 347). Recent studies show that organizations success depends on its ability to learn and adapt to particular situation. The unique performance in the organization is the key to outperform their competitor.(LI , BRAKE,CHAMPION ,FULLER,GABEL AND HATCHER-BUSCH 2009 : 348). In organization there are mainly two types of knowledge exist tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge .Scholars noticed that most part of human knowledge is present in the form of tacit knowledge (UNGAN (2006):403) . Its in the minds of the people. Explicit Knowledge is the knowledge that is expressed and documented. The documented and codified knowledge will have a structure and is easily accessed by others. (STOVER 2004 : 164).To create true knowledge it is necessary to see tacit and explicit knowledge as complem entary and both are needed to knowledge creation. IMPORTANCE OF EXPLICIT KNOWLEDGE: Tacit knowledge is something that is acquired by individuals experience in particular area. It help him to find solution for problems faster than his colleagues It is acquired through once experience and experiment in particular field (STOVER 2004 : 165). Articulating the tacit knowledge, making tacit knowledge explicit is very important in the perspective of the organization (STOVER 2004 : 165).Explicit knowledge is described in structured language. It is mainly more technical data this knowledge is gained mostly through formal education or by structured study .This will help organizations to preserve their huge knowledge capital from losing. When employees leave organization they take with them the huge amount of knowledge. (STOVER 2004 : 165). Valuable Knowledge will be wasted if organizations fails to collect , standardize and store and share the knowledge. The KM scholars believes that the articulation of knowledge helps the organization and individuals to access the knowledge in a cost effective way. Explicit knowledge is carefully organized and stored in data bases in priority basis .It should be accessible with high quality , fast and easily. The explicit knowledge can be reused for sole problems of similar kind (SMITH 2001 : 315).For instance Anderson consulting created methods to codify store and reuse explicit knowledge. They used a people to document approach. It took information from person who developed it and made independent to its developer. All the sensitive information is removed and it can be used in the same similar context (SMITH 2001 : 315).When knowledge is shared among the members of the organization , it can be viewed as organizational history and experience (BONTIS 1998 : 64). In small companies they manage their knowledge is by training the new employees. Its a costly process. Thats where the importance of comput er based learning comes. Transformation of tacit to explicit knowledge is important here (WICKERT AND HARSCHEL 2001:330). If a expert employee got sick or left the organization the expertise of that employee is not available for a fixed amount of time or permanently (WICKERT AND HARSCHEL 2001:331). In job market skilled and experienced workers are getting retired. New young workers are replacing them . So there is a high demand for sharing of experience . This can be possible by the articulation of tacit knowledge they have gained from their experience (JACKSON 2010:915). EXPLICIT KNOWLEDGE CREATION EXPLAINED IN S.E.C.I AND BA MODEL In S.E.C.I model externalization phase deals with the transformation of tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge. For knowledge transformation they use different methods. Some of the methods are storytelling , narrative and using some IT medias like emails, chat rooms etc. The knowledge should be structured so as it should provide accessible and reusable. Externalization should be structured then the knowledge can be made sensible and available for potential users(JACKSON 2010:911).Top management can influence the externalization of knowledge. They can encourage the teams to develop their own metaphor for what they should do (RICHTNER AND AHLSTROM 2010:1020).The creation of concept of a new product is the example of externalization. In combination phase the extracted knowledge is standardized and systematic procedures to combine the knowledge using computer database or an expert system. The internalization deals with the transformation of explicit knowledge again to tacit knowledge by t he use of stored explicit knowledge.(STOVER 2004 : 165). The meaning of Ba is place . Ba does not mean only the physical space . It is the concept of interaction . For the creation of knowledge a space is necessary. This space may be a physical one or a virtual like online one. There are four types of Ba . Among that dialoguing ba deals with the face to face interaction . It is the space where individuals share knowledge. The process of tacit to explicit knowledge conversion happens here. Dialoguing ba is more structured than the previous ba . In systematic ba the collected knowledge is combined to a more structured form. The use of information technology like online networks , group ware etc contribute to systemizing ba .The excersiing ba where the stored knowledge is shared through virtual media or print etc. The healthy interaction between all these ba can amblify the knowledge creation ( Nonaka,I.Toyama,R and Konno,N.(2000) :16-17). BARRIERS IN KNOWLEDGE ARTICULATION: Converting tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge is a tedious job. As we said tacit knowledge is embedded in the minds of the individuals. This make it difficult to formalize and express. There are some personal issues in articulating the knowledge. Individuals believe that articulating the knowledge one may lose his competitive advantage. Some people believe their knowledge is not worth expressing . Some KM scholars believe that language barriers also hinder the transformation of tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge. (STOVER 2004: 166) The culture of the organization also may be a factor that hinders knowledge generation and sharing in the organization. There may be political issues between the departments that prevent the transfer of knowledge. Sharing culture is very important before implementing any strategies in any organization (Syed-Ikhsan and Rowland 2004 : 100). Knowledge transfer requires groups or individuals to work together and share their expertise and knowledge. The knowledge transfer does not occur unless group or individuals shows a co-operate behavior(SYED-IKHSAN AND ROWLAND 2004 : 96). Individualism is one of the major factors that hinder the creation and transfer of knowledge in any organization ( Syed-Ikhsan and Rowland 2004 : 100). For the sharing of knowledge there should be trust among the employees. In project team leadership style also effect the process of knowledge sharing(MA,QI AND WANG 2008:101).The authoritarian style leaders give no chance for the team members to participate and share knowledge. While the democratic style leaders encourages team members to interact and share knowledge (MA,QI AND WANG 2008:101).Another factor that hinders the knowledge sharing in the public organization is limited access to the resources (Syed-Ikhsan and Rowland 2004 : 100).Time is one of the major factors that inhibits the process of a rticulating the tacit knowledge. Most of the employees have a little time for articulating their knowledge. Patrick and Lee done research and they contradicted the views of Richard and Kabjian who says the fear of losing superiority and reward system are inhibitors of knowledge sharing. They also argues that the size of the company is not a problem in knowledge transferring (FONG LEE 2009:304) Some KM scholars like Swartz and Marwick argues technology is unable to provide a complete solution for knowledge capture . At many instance the experts find it is very difficult to trigger a knowledge person by query unless they are put into problem situation (JACKSON 2010 :911). Researchers found that the fear of not being adequately rewarded is the one of the barrier for the knowledge sharing. CAPTURING KNOWLEDGE: As we said conversion of tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge is difficult. There are several ways in which tacit knowledge can be made explicit. The formal ways of interviewing is a useful method. In interviews participants are asked structured questions. This format of interview should be made such that they shouldnt feel that the articulation is happening (STOVER 2004 : 166-167).The level of details available in documentation depends on the purpose of documentation (UNGAN 2006 : 404).For conversion of tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge the interviewer should accompany the knowledge worker in his process. In between the knowledge can be articulated. For this formal language is used (UNGAN 2006:407) . Individuals poses high level of tacit knowledge . If organizations fail to track it then it cannot be made explicit and will not reach its fullest potential (BONTIS 1998:66). The role of knowledge managers is very important. He can encourage the employees to share their knowledge and make them explicit (STOVER 2004 : 166-167). The knowledge management is riskier unless the organizations take initiatives and reward system for sharing of knowledge (SMITH 2001 : 312). For instance Buckman Laboratories recognizes their knowledge in their annual conference. Lotus one of the divisions of IBM evaluates the customer support workers on the basis of their knowledge sharing activities (BARTOL AND SRIVASTTAVA 2002 : 64). Xerox developed a system called Eureka which is meant for the maintenance engineers to share their ideas and experience .Once these ideas are posted they are verified and made available for service engineers all over the world. This help the Xerox in saving $100 million . Companies like Cap Gemini Ernst Young makes merit decision based on the knowledge sharing activity of its employees .In these companies the people who are posting ideas are evaluat ed and then posted into the knowledge contribution database(BARTOL AND SRIVASTTAVA 2002:67). Technology is important in collecting and codifying knowledge. There should be a strong framework for the systematic storing of knowledge. IT itself cannot helps something to get out of someones head. It is the role of managers to find out what is important for the organization . Some KM theorist like Pawar doubts the centralization of knowledge. He states that centralization of knowledge will reduce the cost of sharing the knowledge . He agrees the role of role of technology plays in the acquiring, storing and structured distribution of knowledge . Combining the intellectual property with IS will help the individual intellectual property to the group property (BONTIS 1998:66).KM combined with It will support the data mining and sharing of explicit knowledge (WICKERT AND HARSCHEL 2001 :333).Internet is one of the major repository of explicit knowledge(WICKERT AND HARSCHEL 2001 : 335). Knowledge exchange protocols can be used in transferring tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge. SOAP protocol which is used by physicians is one of the examples. This protocol helps to structure clinician patient conversation and helps to share issues by understanding the physicians thinking. This also helps in documentation of patient medical record (HERSCHEL,NEMATI AND STEIGER 2001:107).New generation tools such as wikis , blogs ,social networking etc. helps a greater collaboration in work place. This will solve some of the problems associated with knowledge capturing. These forms even can accommodate videos , images etc. It can be used to capture informal indicates of tacit knowledge (BARTOL AND SRIVASTTAVA 2002:64).This videos and images can then be summarized based on the content . They can be linked to topics of relevance and stored. These can be accessed through portals later (COAKES 2006:583). Mobile technology can be used for the capture of knowledge .In organizations there will be mobile workers will be advantaged by these technology. The challenge is how to incorporate the this knowledge to main memory. Information technology can be used as a powerful tool. It can be transformed from the role of storing and retrieving data to improve access to knowledge by removing the spatial obstacles of knowledge transfer. IT has got a ability to spread knowledge across different departments of the organizations (TOHIDINIA AND MOSAKHANI 2010 : 615). CONCLUSION: For any organization the Knowledge is very important. The conversion of Tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge is very risky process. There are the barriers like individualism, politics inside the organizational departments. The factor of trust plays a major role in conversion of knowledge . For some small companies the cost of knowledge sharing is not affordable. Technology can play a major role in the tacit to explicit knowledge transfer. There are new generation technologies that can be used for the this purpose. The reward system is one factor that will encourage knowledge transfer. The role of the management in promoting the knowledge conversion is very important . The uniqueness of knowledge the organization owns will brig the organization the competitive advantage.

Free Essays - Animal Farm :: Animal Farm

An English writer by the name of George Orwell published a book in 1943, called Animal Farm.   In the eyes of Mr. Orwell, the sole purpose of the book was to expose the Soviet myth of Russia’s acclaimed socialist utopia in a way that almost anyone can comprehend. The simplicity of language in the book and the usage of animals to convey the message made it a prime candidate for a cartoon version and thus one was created. This essay will look at the differences between the book Animal Farm and it’s cartoon adaptation. The three criteria which will be used as a basis of comparison are:   characterization, exposition and theme. The book Animal Farm, is an allegory of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the events that followed shortly after. In order for the reader to be able to get a firm grasp on the conditions in Russia before, during and after the revolution, George Orwell took great care in ensuring that the all the characters in the book could easily be identified with their Russian revolution counterpart. While reading the book, one should easily be able tell the parallel personality for each character because of George Orwell’s very accurate descriptions of the characters. As a result, a great deal of characterization is visible in most parts of the book, as he is constantly building upon the characters. The movie Animal Farm on the other hand is quite different.   In the movie, very little time (relative to the book) is spent on developing the characters. In some instances during the movie we discover that there are some characters in the book that are not mentioned in the movie (e.g. Molly and Mrs. Jones). Also, in Animal Farm the movie, there is little dialogue among the animals, unlike the book. In the book, it is this dialogue that really helps us understand the type of regime in Russia at the time. If someone were to watch the movie but never read the book, it would probably be a lot harder to see the relationship to the Russian revolution. In the book, some of the instances that occur in Animal Farms exposition play important roles later on in the book. At the start of the book you are introduced to a flurry of thoughts and ideas that are very instrumental throughout the remainder of the book. The exposition begins with Old Major, telling the animals of a dream he has in which all animals are free from the oppressive human regime and equal amongst each other.

Religious and Thnic Groups Paper Essay

I picked Buddhism as my religious group. I am a Christian so this is interesting to me because if would have stayed in Thailand, Buddhism would be the religion that I would have learned and believed in. Buddhism is a very unique religion and it differs from all other religion out there. They do not believe in a God. Tak stated, â€Å"We don’t believe in a god because we believe in man. We believe that each human being is precious and important, that all have the potential to develop into a Buddha – a perfected human being. We believe that human beings can outgrow ignorance and irrationality and see things as they really are. We believe that hatred, anger, spite and jealousy can be replaced by love, patience, generosity and kindness. We believe that all this is within the grasp of each person if they make the effort, guided and supported by fellow Buddhists and inspired by the example of the Buddha. As the Buddha says: No one saves us but ourselves, No one can and no one may. We ourselves must walk the path, But Buddhas clearly show the way† (2011) The Four Noble Truths of Buddhism teach that life is a suffering, there is a cause of this suffering, it is possible to put an end to this suffering and the Noble Eightfold Path is the means to end this suffering. Refuge in Three Jewels is the three components of Buddhism which protect a person from the unstable world as he progresses on the path to become a Buddhist. The Five Precepts lay down the moral conduct to make human world a better place to live. These precepts prevent Buddhists from indulging in deeds that restrict spiritual growth and cause harm to others. The Three Marks of Conditioned Existence explain that everything in this world is impermanent, without substance and full of suffering. They do not have a ten commandments, no judgment day, no creation myth, no prayers for help or intervention, and let’s people find their own path though life. There are no rewards or punishments on judgment day like others. Buddhism is strictly not a religion in the context of being a faith and worship owing allegiance to a supernatural being. Buddhism has been looked upon as opposite teaching from other and this makes Buddhism have a negative experience even though they feel that it is okay and that hateful things can not cut through their skin. This is what my brother had to say about his experience with others in different religion, a member on Yahoo commented â€Å"I have experienced hate form other who don’t believe in what I believe in. And for the simple fact that I don’t worship their god. People have been afraid and confused and it’s sad that people are this way. Well people telling me that I’m going to burn in hell is just one example. Mostly I get people coming up to talk to me and I get the whole, â€Å"so are you a good Christian girl thing,† which makes me want to puke, and I say no I’m Pagan. And most people don’t even know what that means, but typically they stop talking and walk away. †( Philosoraptor, 2012) Buddhism has contributed little at a time and over time. Today we use meditation as a relaxation and even as a type of medicine. It is like yoga, has the same affect on the mind, body, and soul. The growth with Buddhism is even reaching different races, like for example Whites. Amanda Rivera said, â€Å"I think the appeal comes from the fact that the Lotus Sutra emphasizes the absolute equality of all people to be able to attain buddhahood, to attain their enlightenment. The sources of prejudice and discrimination with any religious group is that people do not know and understand the group and which fear and hate starts to set in. It is the people’s ignorance that causes the negative feelings and actions. When we talk about prejudice and discrimination a fine example would be two years ago in Kansas. The Lao-Buddhist Association [Wat Lao Buddhasampham] is trying to move its Olathe temple to a location along 119th Street in Olathe. But the Johnson County Board of Commissioners has so far denied the group a conditional use permit. Neighbors say that the area the Buddhists have chosen is zoned residential, but Lama Chuck Stanford of the Rime Buddhist Center says that discrimination is the real reason behind the opposition. â€Å"This is clearly just ugliness of ethnic and religious prejudice,† said Stanford. [†¦] Standord notes that Christian churches are common in residential areas, and that comments made by residents during a January zoning board meeting indicate fear and ignorance. At the meeting, people raised concerns about traffic, water pollution and â€Å"animal sacrifices,† along with noise from gongs, which Stanford says are no louder than church bells. Another example On Sept. 13, 2011 the U. S. Department of Justice filed a lawsuit against the city of Walnut in Southern California because the city did not allow Chung Tai Buddhist Group, originally from Taiwan, to build a worship and meditation center. The Department of Justice accused the city government of violating federal law, which states that religious groups have the same rights to use land as other building applicants, and of discriminating against the Buddhist group. The sources of prejudice and discrimination with any religious group is that people do not know and understand the group and which fear and hate starts to set in. It is the people’s ignorance that causes the negative feelings and actions in which then problems and issues occur instead of accepting that people are different and unique. I have been neutral with Buddhism but my brother believes in it. I do not judge him and I try to think critically if I speak but after doing the research I have a new understanding of my ethic religion of my biological parents. The main important thing I have learned is not asking which religion is better but what is different from what I believe in and what they believe in because that is when you can see how others think and view beliefs. Taking a look at ethnic group of Pacific Islander are different from others in the aspect that the Pacific Islanders live a very social lifestyle, in which family members, both immediate and extended, work together in a solidified community. Pacific Islanders often have difficulty balancing their traditional â€Å"laid-back† attitudes with the high pressure competitive demands of American pedagogy and marketplace economy. Pacific Islanders’ cultures follow customs and traditions based on ancient principles that promote living an honorable and noble lifestyle. Embedded deeply into the Polynesian culture are music, dance, and food. Traditional storytelling, music, and dance are ancient ways of passing down history from one generation to another. Thus teachers with students who are Pacific Islanders may want to use both written and oral instruction, particularly in areas of literacy. Pacific Islanders are in fact highly developed peoples. Our ancestors survived for centuries in remote and isolated communities having devised their own means of dealing with the elements and of maintaining social order. In the process of what is known as ‘development’, however, Islanders wrestle daily with individual demands in a market-driven world, while our consciousness continues to be haunted by a pervasive sense of our collective identity (Wickham). The main thing with interaction with other groups is that Pacific Islander are more laid back and they tend to not be up to par with the other social groups. This makes them to be â€Å"dumb† and â€Å"no gas in the think tank. † Pacific Islander has been a huge contribution to American culture in fields as varied as the arts, health care, business and military service, Asian Pacific Americans are central to our quality of life. Month of May has been declared Asian Pacific American Heritage Month which celebrates all of those that have entered into the United States and help to develop where we are today as one. Prejudice and discrimination is part of history with Pacific Islander in the past. Taiwanese-American Wen Ho Lee, for example, was targeted by the U. S. government and suspected of espionage because of his ethnicity, according to many in the Asian/Pacific Islander community. In May, U. S. Rep. David Wu, an Oregon Democrat, was detained entering the Department of Energy building in Washington, D. C. , and repeatedly asked if he was an American citizen. July, 2009 in Seattle, a group of Asian-American youths, stopped by police for jaywalking, claimed they were harassed by an officer who repeatedly asked if they spoke English and allegedly remarked, â€Å"I’ve been to your country before, when I was in the Army. † These types of prejudice and discrimination are all appearance wise and nothing more. The pure ignorance is the source for all these actions. The research was harder to do on Pacific Islander due to the fact of less records and information like other groups. The more I read the same information was being presented. I started to research other groups and I was able to find so much more information. So yes it did help me to understand them better but not to the point of really understanding them because of lack of information and data on them. Prejudice and discrimination on the two groups were similar because both of them were looked upon as physical appearance and judge by looks instead of getting to know the two and understand the two. They both been looked at as different and odd. In the beginning of the two in America they both been push around and forced into doing things that were not right at all. Harassment and anger seems to fill hate towards the two. They are different in ways of the one is being discriminated because of a practice and the other is a human being. There is not much to be different other than that. Discrimination and prejudice looks the same, acts the same, and smells the same. Not much difference because it is all out of uneducated assumptions, anger, hatred, and intolerance. References Philosoraptor, M. (2012). Yahoo! Answers. Retrieved from http://answers. yahoo. com/question/index? qid=20120229093706AAHWC2Q Swee, T. (2013). Buddhism-Major Differences. Retrieved from http://www. buddhanet. net/e-learning/snapshot01. htm Tak, Y. (2011). Comparing Buddhism With Other Religions. Retrieved from http://wfcs. buddhistdoor. com/OldWeb/passissue/9612/sources/comp. htm Rivera, A. (2011). Why Is American Buddhism So White. Retrieved from http://www. thebuddhadharma. com/web-archive/2011/11/9/forum-why-is-american-buddhism-so-white. html Wickham, A. WACC. Retrieved from http://www. waccglobal. org/en/19973-indigenous-communications/929-Hidden-perspectives-on-Communication–Culture-in-the-Pacific-Islands-. html.

How do two of the poems show, how the poets were trying to enlighten the British people about the realities of war Essays

How do two of the poems show, how the poets were trying to enlighten the British people about the realities of war Essays How do two of the poems show, how the poets were trying to enlighten the British people about the realities of war Essay How do two of the poems show, how the poets were trying to enlighten the British people about the realities of war Essay World War I, 1914-1918, was the Great War, the war to end all wars. In that conflict, the most important battleground was the Western Front in France and Belgium where great battles were fought with names that were once household words in Australia During the Great War -1914-1918- poets tried to enlighten the British people about the realities of war. This is because the government were putting a different point of view forward. Behind all the posters and propaganda, these poets had the experience and feelings of being in the war.These poems, Recruiting and The Target, put the real truth and thoughts across, they include techniques that emphasise the dreadful conditions these soldiers went through and how they had to solve it in their heads. To achieve this, Gurney highlights the thoughts and feelings of the soldiers, whereas Makintosh conveys the desperation and the need for soldiers by enforcing the amount of persuasion. In this piece of writing I will describe how two poets- Gurne y and Makintosh- tried to enlighten the British people about the realities of war.In The Target, Gurney shows realities of emotional impact and understanding in the war. These realities affected how the soldiers felt mentally. Emotional impact for the soldiers could be making life and death decisions. These decisions could make the soldiers worry that they may have made the wrong decision and then never forget it, when it comes to understanding why we are at war and why it always turns to violence. Questions like this will be repeatedly heard in these soldiers minds and it will be hard to figure out some statements they may come across. I shot him, and it had to be. This conveys that the writer is trying to make justification to himself. This enlightens the British Public because it shows that it is hard to understand whats happening. It portrays that it is hard to come to terms with reality.This is reinforced by the first person narrative. By using this sentence the poet is trying to highlight the fact that this soldier is trying to understand that what he has done isnt that bad. This enlightens the British people by showing them that there is a mental impact, when they may think you just shoot and walk away. It will also enlighten them by making them realise you come against some really difficult situations, when they may feel that every soldier just shoots every bad man he sees. I shot him, and it had to be. One of us! Twas him or me. Enjambment helps the poet to reinforce his point that one of them had to die. This is because it highlights One of us! by ending the sentence half way through the second line.The technique is also used in Recruiting but in a different way, Go and help to swell the names in the casualty lists. He uses it by emphasising the fact there are lists of casualties and draws attention to that particular part of the sentence. This has impact on the reader because the reader would empathise with the soldier that has to make the awful dec ision. This quote also shows an image of two soldiers pointing a gun at each other waiting for the other person to shoot first. This could have a big impact on the reader because the reader may think why does it always have to turn to violence? As well as thinking why cant they just sit at a table and talk?In The Target, the poet also reveals the reality of war by not being certain about whether he could have been a soldier in the war, assuming a persona or being the soldier in the war. Then finding out the feelings of that one soldier. These soldiers have to live with gore and very many dreadful sights. These images and sights can be very disturbing and stick with them for a lifetime. This is a bloody mess indeed. This evidence suggests that the visual effect is a bloody mess, but it is also a bloody mess mentally. This enlightens the British people by making them realise what it is like to be them and how guilty you feel that the image stays in the British Publics at the time he ad. It also helps them realise that the mess made isnt cleaned and gone by the next day or week, when the British people may think that someone collects up all the bodies and disposes of them, This is a bloody mess indeed The technique of metaphor is reinforced with bloody mess this is because it can either be a bloody mess visually or a bloody mess in which someone cannot quite understand something fully in their minds.I feel this has impact on the reader because it is highlighting the fact that this is important and really pushes the point that the soldiers are not comfortable. Imagery is also a technique that is reinforced because it makes the reader think that there is blood everywhere and its all a mess. This may have an impact on the reader because the reader may worry about what the soldiers have to see, they may feel what the soldiers feel and deeply empathise with them.In the Recruiting, Makintosh shows a reality of desperation and the need for soldiers as well as volunteer s. The war needs people because there is not as many people joining the war as people not surviving. People are needed to come and die not coming and fight for their country. Lads youre wanted. Using this phrase the poet is trying to show that they are being asked politically to fight the hun, it shows their wanted. This enlightens the British people by conveying the fact that they are wanted to come and die not to come and fight the hun. Lads youre wanted, come and die. The poet is helped by imagery as it helps to evoke a particular feel and disturbing death scenery in which the soldiers have to be around.This is because as a reader, interprets a well described sentence that can be intervened with an image, then they will start to imagine what it is like from the soldiers point of view and put themselves in the soldiers position. The technique is also used in The Target which is a very similar way, This is a bloody mess indeed the poet uses this to portray an image in the readers m inds that where the soldiers are is not a pretty sight and is therefore a bloody mess. This may have a great impact on the audience, because when people are relaxing and thinking they may think of this, this may become disturbing or depressing for them.There is also another technique of repetition, this is reinforced by repeating the line Lads youre wanted. This is reinforced because it is reminding the reader that people are wanted continuously throughout the poem. This affects the reader because it adds to the fact that they were being persuaded and not thinking through what they properly want to do. The use of the noun Lads highlights the fact that young men are needed. It makes the reader feel that they are not wanted unless they are young fit men.There is a reality of sexism in Recruiting. They want men not women, they never mention women, and probably think that women wont match up to the expectations of men. They also do not want men that are too old or too heavy. Leave the f at old men to say; now weve got them on the run. By using these lines, the poet emphasises the fact that all the soldiers, command in army and government was male, not women and men that are not too heavy as well as being old. This enlightens the British people because they may think you can go at whatever age or fitness, when they seem to only want fit, young people. They also may think you are allowed to join if you are female, this then shows them that they obviously have no use for women because they are not mentioned.A technique of enjambment is reinforced by ending the sentence after the second line. This highlights that the men left behind are still picking up the pieces. This makes an impact on the reader because they may be thinking both genders are fighting the Hun when they are not, then change their view towards the war. There is also a technique of imagery this evokes the fact we can still join in sat at home, this may also have an impact on the audience because it show s they are not being forgotten about and left out the reader then may feel more involved and care more about what is going on, then pay more attention.In Recruiting, as well as sexism and desperation, there is also a reality of how many casualties there are. Go and help to swell the names in the casualty lists. This evidence suggests that the soldiers/volunteers are going to add to the casualty lists. This enlightens the British people because they may think that they are being looked after when they are not. It also helps them realise that they do not have emergency services or drugs (treatment) needed, when they may think that they have doctors and nurses ready right at the time, when someone is badly injured; then they improve up to 100% health after seeing somebody.There is a technique of enjambment reinforced by finishing the sentence on the next line, this emphasises the fact that there are lists of casualties, not just a few. There may be an impact on the reader here because, reading casualty lists sounds like nobody is getting seen to, which can be very distressing. There is also a technique showing the regular pattern kept throughout the poem, this adds to the sympathy the reader is feeling because there isnt as many pauses or hesitations.Overall, I feel that the two poems, Recruiting and The Target enlighten the British people different ways, but both very effective and emotional. The poet of The Target seems to concentrate more on what the soldiers need to understand as well as their thoughts and feelings, where as Makintosh seems to talk about desperation, and the types of people the war needed. The tone in Recruiting is harsh, sharp and demanding where as the tone in The Target is more gentle and sympathetic.This is because the Recruiting poem is more persuasive to get people to join up to the army but The target is more of an insight into the lives of soldiers. I also feel that the techniques used in both poems would have had an impact on the rea ders, because they would have been empathising throughout as well as deeply sympathising. Therefore between these two poems, I think Gurney and Makintosh put war life forward as it is-with no lies or excuses-. The poems also enlighten the British people of the truth and nothing but the truth.

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buy custom Major Strategies behind Implementing Risk Management Programs essay Introduction A risk is the likelihood of the occurrence of something that brings about a loss. Loses can be either direct or indirect depending on the situation. For example, such risks as earthquakes cause a direct loss of buildings. On the other hand, indirect losses include losing customer confidence or reputation, and increased operation costs in the process of recovering. Due to the advancement in technology, risk levels have risen. Therefore, there has been a need to put in place strategies that will be aimed at reducing risks facing an organization. The latter depend on several factors such as the size of a company and the complexity of business procedures. This paper examines various strategies that an organization can use in implementing risk management programs. Risk Management Risk management seeks to reduce, eliminate and control risks with an aim of enhancing advantages and avoiding detrimental effects of provisional exposure. Risk management aims at maximizing the possibility of success and reducing the probability of potential losses. It also involves the process of identifying, monitoring, measuring and controlling risks (Alhawari, Karadsheh, Talet, Mansour, 2012). The process of assessing risks includes identifying, evaluating the impact and recommending reduction measures; risk mitigation entails prioritizing, implementing, and maintaining appropriate risk control (Shenkir Walker, 2007). The major steps of risk management include identifying, establishing, analyzing, developing risk alleviation programs, monitoring and reviewing risk management strategies. The major approaches to the implementation of risk management programs in the field of technology include the following. Communication and Consultation The aim of communication and consultation is to identify people who should be involved in the process of assessing risks including the identification, evaluaion, and analysis of people who will be involved in reviewing and monitoring risks (Shenkir Walker, 2007). Such persons should have understanding of the decision-making process and the reason why certain actions are required when tackling risk issues (Alhawari et al., 2012). It is also important to use modern technology in this process. Establishing the Context Through the process of identifying the context, a company will define parameters that will be taken into consideration when running and setting the extent and risks criteria in a certain process. Establishing the context should be considered deeply to determine how it is associated with the scope of a given risk management program and the technology that may be required in the process. There are some steps, within which a threat should be recognized, and they include the outside context and the environment where a company seeks to achieve its main objectives. The inner context involves the domestic environment where a firm seeks to achieve its aims. The risk management context defines the scope, objectives and parameters of an organization where risk management strategies are applied. The development of risk evaluation criteria mainly aims at evaluating the importance of risks and defining their acceptable levels for a given activity (Shenkir Walker, 2007). The last step is the defi nition of the structure of risk analysis, which entails determining those categories of risks that can be managed. Risks Identification Risk recognition is the fundamental step in the process of threat management. It determines and reveals possible risks that have a high probability of occurring. In this process, various risks are investigated by considering the activities of organizations and all directions and attempts that may cause exposure to risks in the future from the varying external and inner environment. Accurate technology equipment may be used in risk identification. RRisk Analysis Risk analysis aims at assessing the impact of exposure and the likelihood of particular outcomes. The impact of risk exposure should be considered under the elements of quality, benefit, time and resources (Shenkir Walker, 2007). Risk analysis determines the possibility and the consequences of any negative impacts and then estimates the actual level of risks by combining the probability and the outcomes. The risk management team should use the modern technology in carrying out a risk analysis. Risk Evaluation Before one determines the likelihood, it is imperative to consider the risk tolerance level of the organization. The latter should consider the risk appetite and determine acceptable and unacceptable risks. The former levels of risk depend on the degree of voluntaries (Shenkir Walker, 2007). The process of risk assessment gives enough material for decision-making. Risk Treatment The process of risk treatment entails selecting and implementing several options for treating various risks. In addition, it should provide such options for risk treatment as changing the consequences, avoiding risks, changing the likelihood of occurrence, as well as sharing and retaining risks (Alhawari et al., 2012). Monitoring and Review The process of monitoring and reviewing is a necessary and integral part in the risk supervision process. Risks need to be monitored to ensure that the changing environment does not influence risk priorities and ensure that the process of risk management is effective in both operation and design (Radack, 2009). The organization should ensure that it reviews the process of monitoring at least on an annual basis. For the above to work it is imperative for a company to understand the process of organizing risk management (Alhawari et al., 2012). In the process of monitoring, modern technology can also be applied. Buy custom Major Strategies behind Implementing Risk Management Programs essay