Case Study - 1380 Words

Introduction In this case we get an entire scenario about how the Japan deflation set in, what were the effects of the deflation on the economy as well as on the people of Japan. It also mentions about the various reasons because of which Japan was in such a tight grip of Deflation, Depression, Demographics and Debts Guides us through the steps taken by the government in order to curb this deflation. Imparts a great knowledge to us about the various economic terms like deflation, self-liquidating credit, Non-Self Liquidating Credit and how the people and economy of a country is affected by these. Free markets economies are subject to cycles. Economic cycles consist of fluctuating periods of economic expansion and contraction as measured†¦show more content†¦A central bank can inject money into an economy without regard for an established target interest rate (such as the fed funds rate in the U.S.) through the purchase of government bonds in open-market operations. This is when a central bank purchases a bond, in which case it effectively exchanges it for cash, which increases the money supply. This is known as the monetization of debt. (It should be noted that open-market operations are also used to attain and maintain target interest rates, but when a central bank monetizes the debt, it does so without regard for a target interest rate.) In 2001, the Bank of Japan began to target the money supply instead of interest rates, which helped to moderate deflation and stimulate economic growth. However, when a central bank injects money into the financial system, banks are left with more money on hand, but also must be willing to lend that money out. This brings us to the next problem Japan faced: a credit crunch. Credit Crunch A credit crunch is an economic scenario in which banks have tightened lending requirements and for the most part, do not lend. They may not lend for several reasons, including: 1) the need to hold onto reserves in order repair their balance sheets after suffering loses, which happened to Japanese banks that had invested heavily in real estate, and 2) there might be a general pullbackShow MoreRelatedCase Studies : A Case Study Approach Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesA case study is a specific instance that is frequently designed to illustrate a more general principle (Nisbet and Watt, 1984). Hitchock and Hughes (1995) further suggest that the case study approach is particularly valuable when the researcher has little control over evens. Case studies strives to portray ‘what it like’ to be a particular situation, to catch up reality and ‘thick description’ (Geertz, 1973) of participants’ lives experiences of, thoughts about and feelings for a situation . TheyRead MoreCase Study887 Words   |  4 PagesCHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Reasons choose the case 1.2 The Problems The problems of this case are: 1. How would you characterize Lincoln Electric’s strategy? In this context, what is the nature of Lincoln’s business and upon what bases does this company compete? 2. What are the most important elements of Lincoln’s overall approach to organization and control that help explain why this company is so successful? How well do Lincoln’s organization and control mechanismsRead MoreBusiness Case Study : Business Case Studies997 Words   |  4 PagesWriting Business Case Studies How to Write Business Case Studies The objective of this part of the course is to use your case study to help you solve real company problems and to make the learning more relevant to your experience. The Business Case Study you are being asked to start today will provide information for yourself and the class to permit constructive feedback. You will have to use all of your research, writing and analytical skills to write your Company Case Study. You must give enoughRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pages978-0-273-73552-6 (web) All rights reserved. Permission is hereby given for the material in this publication to be reproduced for OHP transparencies and student handouts, without express permission of the Publishers, for educational purposes only. In all other cases, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the Publishers orRead MoreCase Studies13817 Words   |  56 PagesCASE STUDY #1 A Job Search Dilemma Eric, a second-semester senior, is looking for a job. Anxious about finding work in the worst economy in decades, he sends out scores of resumes for a wide variety of positions. The first call he gets is for a position that doesnt really interest him, but he figures he should be open to every opportunity. He schedules an interview, which he aces. In fact, the recruiter offers Eric the job on the spot. He would like Eric to start as soon as possible. Should EricRead MoreCase Study 8985 Words   |  4 PagesCase Study 8 Based on the January through June 2010 cash budget, what is the maximum monthly loss during the six-month planning period? What is the maximum cumulative borrowing balance? (For purposes of this question, disregard any interest payments on short-term bank loans or interest received from investing surplus funds.) Maximum monthly loss is in June: -$60,750. The maximum cumulative borrowing balance is $99,000 in February. What does the monthly cash budget reveal that indicatesRead MoreCase Study : The Angel 1089 Words   |  5 Pages Case Study #1 The Angel, 1997 Susan Meeks, an alias, woke to what she thought was the middle of the afternoon. A bright yellowish light was shining through the west window of her travel trailer. An other world being was in the room and was as tall as the ceiling of the trailer. She went to the bathroom where she washed her face with cold water and stayed in there long enough to smoke a cigarette. When she went back to the bedroom the being was still there. The being showed her futureRead MoreThe Case Study Of The Company1468 Words   |  6 PagesOverview of Case Study In the case study by Spector titled, Transferring Innovation Across National Boundaries, (Spector, 2012) company named Minnesota Biolabs (MB) provided laboratories with a quality test for contamination of injectable medications. This test required the use of live rabbits that led to the rabbit’s death after the test. The company was headquartered in Minneapolis, however they were organized with four, somewhat independent, national units in Europe and Japan, each run by aRead MoreLaw of Case Studies1514 Words   |  7 PagesZulfatah Arif SCM-019741 Work Psychology in Communication, Writing and Reporting COM 2153 Mr Haji Adenan Case Studies An Unmotivated Building Inspector Case Study By: Zulfatah Arif 1) Review the motivation theories discussed in this chapter. How would each one describe and explain the problems with Simon Lucas’s motivation? The theories that would be relevant to the problems with Simon Lucas’ motivation would be the McClelland’s Need Theory and Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory.Read MoreCase Study Essay1116 Words   |  5 PagesCase Study Objective The Case will focus on issues related to the cultural aspect of international business; sustainable business practices including CSR issues; foreign investment; and the benefits of regional integration for the countries within, and companies doing business in, that region.   The case study analysis will be completed on an individual basis. Instructions THE CASE: Kaizer Consulting Kaizer Consulting is an international management consulting firm that specializes in business strategy

Beowulf Epic Characteristics Of An Epic Hero - 862 Words

Every epic hero acquires certain heroic characteristics. The poem, â€Å"Beowulf, is about the most heroic man of the Anglo-Saxon period. Beowulf is a warrior from Geatland that comes to help Hrothgar, the king of Danes, defeat the monster Grendel who has been killing men in their kingdom. Beowulf defeats the unstoppable beast, Grendel. Then Grendel’s mother comes to try to avenge Grendel’s death, and Beowulf slaughters her in her underwater lair. After 50 peaceful years of ruling the Geats, Beowulf in his old age fights his last battle with a dragon. He defeats the dragon, with help from Wiglaf, but dies as a result. The main character, Beowulf exemplifies many characteristics that an epic hero possesses. Beowulf’s characteristics include†¦show more content†¦He came to Hrothgar to offer his service because Hrothgar provided help to Beowulfs father. It is loyalty and appreciation that leads Beowulf to the Danish kingdom to help out. Hrothgar welcomes Beowulf, saying, Beowulf, youve come to us in friendship, and because of the reception your father found at court (Beowulf 39). Because of Hrothgars intervention, there was peace between the Geats and the Danes, therefore ensuring the loyalty of Beowulfs family. Beowulf’s sense of loyalty is recognized when he speaks to Wealtheow, Hrothgars queen, about his motives for coming to the court. â€Å"I had a fixed purpose when I put to sea. As I sat in the boat with my band of men, I meant to perform to the uttermost what your people wanted or perish in the attempt, in the fiends clutches. And I shall fulfill that purpose, prove myself with a proud deed or meet my death here in the mead-hall† (Beowulf 632-638). Beowulf shows that his loyalty is with the king and the Danes, and he is willing to die in the process of trying to save them. I have heard moreover that the monster scorns in his reckless way to use weapons; therefore, to heighten Hygelacs fame and gladden his heart, I hereby renounce sword and the shelter of the broad shield, the heavy war-board: hand-to-hand is how it will be, a life-and-death fight with the fiend (Beowulf 433-440). Beowulf makes his fight with Grendel more than a simple fight that he can slay himShow MoreRelatedBeowulf : Characteristics Of An Epic Hero978 Words   |  4 Pages2Y English 12 20/11/17 Beowulf: Characteristics of an Epic Hero In Anglo-Saxon literature and culture, to be considered a hero was to also be considered a warrior/ soldier. To be a hero, you had to not only be strong but you also had to be smart, and have plenty of courage. These warriors were willing to face any type of trials and tribulations at any odd. These types of heroic warriors would fight to the death to obtain glory and save their people. The Anglo-Saxon hero needed to possess all ofRead MoreThe Characteristics Of A Hero In The Epic Of Beowulf746 Words   |  3 PagesBeowulf Essay A hero in the modern world is hard to define and in some places even harder to find. Stories such as Beowulf are continually told in order to help define what a hero should / could be. Heroes in these stories possess traits such as bravery, great strength, or great cunning. However, while a true hero needs some of these traits they don’t define that person as a hero. What defines someone as a hero is daring to go and do what ordinary men wouldn’t in order to save innocent lives, knowingRead MoreBeowulf : An Epic Hero930 Words   |  4 Pages The story of Beowulf shows its reader many characteristics of why this Anglo-Saxon poem is an epic. First of all, Beowulf is a warrior of epic renown by the time he formally introduces himself in the poem. Next, Beowulf is the warrior that many strive to be in life. In addition, Beowulf finds himself tackling many quests that involve dangerous beasts, or as he might call them, demons. The next quality shown by Beowulf is his bravery and honor. The reader is able to easily identify this characteristicRead MoreComparing Beowulf, The Wanderer, And The 13th Warrior1731 Words   |  7 Pagesalways reappears is What is an epic hero? Or better yet an epic hero in Anglo Saxon culture. I believe there is more to being a hero than just being strong or intelligent. An epic hero in my eyes is oneself who comes to portray the beliefs of the society in which the tale/story is depicted. A few great examples of the Anglo Saxon epic hero are the literary characters in Beowulf, The Wanderer, and The 13th Warrior. These are all outstanding examples of Anglo-Saxon epic heroes because they all cameRead MoreBeowulf : An Epic Hero894 Words   |  4 Pages The character of Beowulf demonstrates several characteristics that make a great epic hero. Throughout his lifetime he displayed several characteristics such as honor, bravery, physical superiority, leadership, and glory. These characteristics all formed how the Anglo-Saxons believed one should live their life. Along with the valorous deeds that Beowulf accomplished he is considered to be a prime example of an epic hero. Beowulf would have even been considered a model human to the Anglo-SaxonsRead MoreBeowulf, The Epic Hero1373 Words   |  6 Pages 2015 Beowulf, The Epic Hero In Anglo Saxon times, Beowulf is considered a well known epic hero. â€Å"Epic heroes are literary characters from ancient mythology and other stories, which were written down in the form of long, narrative epic poems. The hero is the main character, or protagonist of the poem†(Epic Hero: Definition, Characteristics Examples.). The epic hero usually battles for accomplishments to a set of tasks to complete important goals. Beowulf is described as an epic hero becauseRead MoreBeowulf Is a Hero Essay877 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf Essay Every epic hero possesses certain heroic characteristics. The epic poem Beowulf describes the most heroic man of the Anglo-Saxon times. Beowulf is the hero. He shows that he is a great man by always putting other things before his own needs. He is important and needed by his people and is known by many as a strong, courageous and a helpful person. He shows all of the qualities and traits that a true hero possesses. Beowulf, like other epic heroes, possesses the following heroic qualities:Read MoreBeowulf And The Epic Of Gilgamesh1667 Words   |  7 Pagestoday’s society, a hero is viewed as someone who embodies the characteristics of selflessness, courage, honesty, and integrity. The same characteristics were essential to be thought of as a hero 3,000 years ago as well. Two of the most widely known epic poems of their time were Beowulf and The Epic of Gilgamesh. Both Beowulf and Gilgamesh embody traits known exclusively of a hero. The poem of Beowulf and The Epic Gilgamesh both showcase the characteristics required of being an epic, in that they includeRead MoreBeowulf : An Epic Hero978 Words   |  4 Pages Beowulf is a character that exudes the qualities of an epic hero. Throughout this epic, Beowulf is seen as a hero to many and a major threat to the evils he encounters. The values of the Anglo-Saxons, who would have read and admired this poem, included loyalty, bravery, and honor. Beowulf’s character exemplifies all of these qualities to the highest degree. The values and traditions of the original composers of this story cause Beowulf’s character to be the perfect example of an Anglo-SaxonRead MoreBeowulf s Heroic Qualities That Convey His Nobility And Courage887 Words   |  4 Pages Beowulf exemplifies heroic qualities that convey his nobility and courage. The poem named Beowulf has no known author. The author of the poem is known to be a Anglo-Saxon poet. The poem, Beowulf, is an Old English epic poem. The character, Beowulf, is a noble hero who offered to help King Hrothgar by fighting a demon named Grendal. He fought many enemies before and while becoming a king. Beowulf is a loyal and noble hero to the people of Geats and Danes. Epic heroes are defined with specific

The Government Regulation Of Tobacco And Alcohol Sales And...

Q1 Distributive policies control the allocation of benefits to particular groups, they are easily introduced as they can be implemented independently without effecting other groups benefits. (Palmer, Short, 2014) Such as governments Indigenous Chronic Disease Package which aims to manage chronic diseases that effect Indigenous Australians. (AIWH 2014) Another health policy is regulatory, which provides limitations on how specific groups act, some groups are allowed more freedom while others can be more restricted. (Palmer, Short 2014) For example, the state government regulation of tobacco and alcohol sales and supply. (AIHW 2014) While in pursuit of credibility and self promotion, organisations can develop a self regulation policy which can potentially reduce government interfering. (Palmer, Short 2014) Redistributive policies consist of the change of distribution of income, wealth, property and rights of groups by deliberate acts from the Government. (Palmer, Short 2014) The Pharma ceutical Benefit Scheme is an example, as it provides medicine to disadvantaged Australians at a reduced cost. (Human Services 2016) Q2 Health policy is different from other types of policy due to the complex structure of health care, role of medical professionals and the ethical and societal expectations. Firstly, due to the complexity of the health care system, there is dubious comparison to other models such as economic or social activity which add to the difficulty of individualsShow MoreRelatedThe War on Drugs1646 Words   |  7 Pagesdeforestation and pollution. In most cases, production operations are repeatedly forced by supply-side enforcement to relocate into increasingly remote regions for their own protection- including rainforests, nature reserves and protected habitats- always with damaging consequences (McSweeney et al., 2014). As an outlawed industry, these producers are therefore unbound by any environmental regulations or code of ethics. It is in these nations that the War on Drugs is felt yet more acutelyRead MoreLegalization of Drugs Essay1305 Words   |  6 Pagesdebate about the legalization of marijuana for medical exposes the long lasting debate about the economic viability of prohibiting certain kind of drugs considered illicit. Many social costs to society are attributable to illicit drugs, along with tobacco, alcohol, and guns. In fact, each of these vices is allegedly responsible for $200 billion annual expenditure in social costs of the USA (Donohue, 2010). Interestingly, all these commodities mentioned above have common characteristics: a sizeable proportionRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1518 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana The truths about marijuana are slowly starting to resurface, the government keeps ignoring that cannabis could one day be as powerful for the U.S. Unfortunately, these truths about marijuana are under a lot of criticism because of the stereotype of what people see as a marijuana or cannabis smoker. There is a great difficulty in this law because marijuana is still recognized as a harmful and dangerous substance in some states. This can cause problems because each state has their differentRead MoreMicroeconomics Essay- Suppose the Government Raises the Legal Drinking Age in the Uk from 18 to 21. Conduct an Economic Analysis of This Policy to Examine Its Impact on Affected Markets.1260 Words   |  6 PagesSuppose the government raises the legal drinking age in the UK from 18 to 21. Conduct an economic analysis of this policy to examine its impact on affected markets. With reference to the above statement, if the UK government were to increase the legal drinking age from 18 to 21 there are two markets that would mainly be affected- the producers, which is the alcohol industry as a whole and the consumers who are the UK citizens between the age of 18 and 21. A market is a group of buyers and sellersRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?876 Words   |  4 PagesNevertheless the Liberal governments pledge to legalize marijuana use is a step that raises health, social policy, and criminal justice issues, whilst also encompassing economic and financial impacts. However, the news article â€Å"Legal pot revenue could reach $5B a year†, neglects to incorporate many of these themes, focusing strictly on the tax revenues in which Canada s federal and provincial governments will collect from the sale of legal marijuana. Previously, the Canadian government neglected to endorseRead MoreThe North American Industry Classification System Essay1614 Words   |  7 Pagescountry-specific detail. A complete and valid NAICS code has six digits (North American Industry Classification System, n.d.). D. G. Yuengling and Son NAICS code for brewing is 312120. The NAICS code can be broken down by: 31 – manufacturing, 312 – beverage and tobacco product manufacturing, 31212 – breweries, and 312120 – large breweries (Industry Statistics Portal, n.d.). The NAICS for breweries has remained the same since 2002. It is also important to look at beer bottles and glass manufacturing (327213), beerRead MoreLegalization Of Marijuana And Marijuana1633 Words   |  7 Pagesfar safer than alcohol, tobacco and multiple other illicit substances. A study performed by Scientific Reports compared the lethality of the recreational use of 10 drugs that included marijuana, alcohol, tobacco, heroin, cocaine, ecstasy, methamphetamine, diazepam, amphetamine and methadone. The researchers found marijuana to have the lowest risk of mortality when compared to things commonly used like alcohol and tobacco. â€Å"Further, the low risk of cannabis use suggests government should use â €Å"a strictRead MoreBusiness Plan1500 Words   |  6 Pagesroom. The beer is cold in the fridge and ready for consumption. A couple of hours have passed and everyone is feeling pretty good. But bad news†¦you are out of alcohol. Unfortunately everyone is too intoxicated to drive so what do you do? Risk getting a DUI just so you can have a buzz for a few more hours? That’s where we come in, an alcohol delivery service. We have all of the popular beer and liquor that college students desire. We have a warehouse located not far from campus fully stocked withRead MoreVincor and the Wine Industry1664 Words   |  7 Pagesthe only companies that are going to survive, grow and maintain a competitive advantage are those that can rationalize their cost structures, achieve economies of scale and control their distribution channels effectively. Synergies in marketing, sales forces, administration and other overhead factors can drive down per unit costs and make Vincor more e fficient. By lowering its cost structure, Vincor can pass lower costs to consumers and gain market share in a global market place. Vincor has surmisedRead MoreThe Bureau Of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, And Explosives1330 Words   |  6 Pages The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, otherwise known as the ATF, is one of 60 criminal justice programs under the Department of Justice. Their mission is to regulate and investigate crimes related to the above mentioned items. The ATF has been around in one way or another since the beginning of our nation. It started in 1791, when the first tax on distilled spirits was implemented by the new Secretary to the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton (1). Supervisors, inspectors

Role Model Free Essays

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr Dr Martin Luther King Jr is my role model because he dedicated his life to helping the civil rights movement. He’s someone that I look up to because of his strong will power perseverance, and determination. We will write a custom essay sample on Role Model or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dr King’s worldview was to have equal rights and opportunities for all people despite what their nationality was. I share the same worldview as Dr King in regards to equal rights and standing for what you believe in. Dr King wanted to world to evolve in its way of thinking because he saw firsthand how African Americans were being treated. Dr King is my role model because he fought to change my history. Dr King didn’t only want to see a change happen for his self and others but also for his family. He had a wife Coretta and four children; these were the people who he wanted to see change happen for the most. After King’s death is family wanted to keep his legacy alive because they knew he stood for a good cause. According to the article A king family tribute â€Å"Family and friends remember Dr. King as a role model and dedicate themselves to his mission. Watkins, Dr. King’s niece, has assembled their writings and excerpts from their speeches. All pay tribute to his spirit, abiding faith and dedication to the cause of civil rights, and they affirm their own commitment to â€Å"following the path he walked,† as his nephew, Derek B. King, states. King’s father’s remarks are excerpted from his autobiography. Dr King is my personal role model because is stood for what he believed in. Dr king helped shape my worldview because through his hard work he’s shown me that nothing worth fighting for comes easy. I think a lot of people look over the fact that Dr King wasn’t just trying to change the race problem it stood of many different social issues. In the article Martin Luther King Jr conception of freedom and radical democracy the author states that â€Å"king came to believe that the civil rights struggle needed to expand beyond just racial desegregation in this country, He began to raise his voice against racism militarism, and economic exploitation around the world†. This is another reason why I look up to him because he didn’t only focus on one hing that needed to be changed so saw the importance of these issues and wanted to change them. Dr. king had a career as a pastor which is why I feel he never gave up believing in what he thought was right. The article Martin Luther King cover story gives background on his life â€Å"King was a preacher who spoke in biblical cadences ideally suited to leading a stride toward freedom that found its inspiration in the Old Testament story of the Israelites and the New Testament gospel of Jesus Christ. Being a minister not only put King in touch with the spirit of the black masses but also gave him a base within the black church, then and now the strongest and most independent of black institutions†. Like Dr King I believe that everyone should have the right to freedom and equal rights ; However, I don’t know if I could have endured the things that Dr king had to. Once Dr King was thrown in jail because of his protest, I think if I knew I could go to jail because I was protesting I wouldn’t protest. On the other Dr King who have pathed the way for me to be able to use my freedom of speech. I would want to be brave and stand for what I believe in for myself and my family just as King did. Reference MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. A King Family Tribute. (2012). Kirkus Reviews, 80(24), 222. Orosco, J. M. (2001). Martin Luther King, Jr. ’s Conception of Freedom and Radical Democracy. Journal Of Social Philosophy, 32(4), 386-401. White, J. E. (1998). Martin Luther King. (Cover story). Time, 151(14), 160. How to cite Role Model, Papers

Impact of Fairy Tales -Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Fairy Tales on the Childrens. Answer: Cinderella is a folk tale, which embodies the injustice done on a girl and her eventual triumph against her oppressors. The story of Cinderella was chosen because this situation is relevant in the modern World and as a result, the story of Cinderella is highly effective in defining the current situation of women in society (Dhahir 2014). In English folklore, the word Cinderella means one who is unrecognized or one who achieves recognition after considerable neglect (Studyres.com, 2017). The story of Cinderella revolves around the story of a motherless girl living with her father. But, after sometime her father marries another woman having two daughters. The stepmother and her daughters were very selfish and abused Cinderella. Cinderella was made to work day and night. One day the Prince invites all the ladies of the region to a royal ball, where he will choose his future bride. Cinderellas stepmother and her stepsisters attend the ball leaving Cinderella alone in the house. However, the wish of Cinderella to attend the royal ball comes true as her fairy godmother appears in front of her and tells her that she will fulfill all her wishes. By the use of her magical powers, the fairy godmother transforms Cinderella in a beautiful princess with royal clothing. However, the most important feature of her look was her glass slippers. At the royal ball, everyone is mesmerized by the appearance of Cinderella even the prince. However, in this process Cinderella loses the track of time and when the clock struck twelve midnight, she suddenly came to understand that the effects of the magic will be over. In a hurry to go back to her house she loses one of her glass slippers, which is eventually found by the prince. Finally, the prince finds Cinderella and marries her. Her stepfamily pleads for mercy and Cinderella forgives them. The moral of the story is that beauty although important but is not long lasting, it is graciousness, kindness and sympathy, which are priceless. The important messages or themes of Cinderella are : women and feminity, wealth, supernatural powers and good versus evil. The power of the feminity and beauty of women has been strongly emphasized in the story. Wealth plays a very important role as the step-mother marries her father due to his wealth and also wanted her daughters to get married to the prince. Supernatural theme is because of the concept of fairy godmother and ultimately the triumph of good compared to evil at the end (Kim 2015). The target audience for Cinderella are kids of both sex and age groups of 2-10 years. The target audience are kids of urban areas like cities, where there is a huge impact of technology and internet. In the age of the internet and comics culture, it is necessary for kids to learn the values of kindness, sympathy and forgiveness from fairy tales like Cinderella. The overall intention of my project is to instill among the children the concept of sympathy, kindness. Moreover, at a young age they will understand the importance of respecting women in their house and the society in general. They will also understand the fact that it is unacceptable to bully or abuse someone (Doyle and Timms 2014). Reference List Dhahir, S., 2014. Turning Oppression into Challenges: Women in Badriyya l-Birs Hind wa-l-?askar.Arabica,61(1-2), pp.69-88. Doyle, C. and Timms, C., 2014.Child Neglect and Emotional Abuse: Understanding, Assessment and Response. Sage. Kim, J.H., 2015. Cinderella: The Study of Cross-Cultural Encounters in Pre-Modern Societies. Studyres.com (2017).Cinderella Synopsis. [online] Studyres.com. Available at: https://studyres.com/doc/7983997/cinderella-synopsis [Accessed 21 Nov. 2017].

Live Sound Essay Example

Live Sound Essay The role of an audio engineer is no longer exclusive to the recording studio. The skill set of a modern engineer extends to video, radio, graphics and many more. One of the key growth areas for ? nding employment opportunities in the sector, is that of live sound engineering. The theory of live sound is one which combines the two things present in most musical engineering, technical ability and intuition. Each one is as important as the other, a live sound engineer has to be able to be a master of both their equipment/set up, and of the live sound mix which can differ vastly from an in studio mix, applying different techniques and principles. At the core of the live sound set up are 2 things, the mixing desk and the speaker system/rig. The applications of the mixing desk in a live situation show many differences compared to its use in a studio, even in the earliest stages such as choosing the type of desk! For instance, in most instances a live engineer would lean towards using a digital mixing desk as apposed to the generally more desired analogue desk in the studio situation. One of the prime reasons for this is that a digital desk can contain audio processing equipment within its interface, such as gating and compression. These are available at the touch of a button, as apposed to the outboard equipment used in a studio. This feature can help save valuable time when mixing a live event, this example shows one of many advantages of using a digital desk for live. Live in Cotgrave ’ An image capturing the digital yamaha desk, courtesy of Merlin PA’s live sound engineers. [1] As well as there being 2 types of mixing desks, in the live sound sector there are 2 main uses for a desk. The most obvious is for bringing all the signals to the main speakers and creating the mix, this is known as front of house (FOH). The other is for stage monitoring, creating a mix or separate mi xes for the musicians particular taste(s). At bigger events, often there re 2 desks in play, one for the front of house and one speci? cally for the on stage monitoring. EM LIVE LOUNGE FOH mixers Front of house mixers usually come with a set number of input channels; 12, 16, 24, 32, 40 and 48 channels are what is usually found, specialized mixers used for bigger rigs can be sizably larger. The use of this large number of channels can range from the close micing of a drum kit and guitar amps, to the music used between acts and pre recorded tracks used in a set. We will write a custom essay sample on Live Sound specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Live Sound specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Live Sound specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Another use for having so many channels is if a show with many acts on the bill is taking place, and bands settings need to be set. However, with the advancement of digital desks with recall systems and ? ying fades, needing to manually save a live mix has almost become a thing of the past. The features on a mixing console vary with the expense of the desk, but the regular features include: Input sockets (typically XLRs for mic and DI signals) Phantom power, phase inversion (important for sorting out phase issues in a live mix, especially is the mix contains identical signals, e. . the mix and line signals from a bass guitar) Pad (reduces the signal by a set amount, typically -10db, this is useful for controlling over loud signals, such as a over eager guitarists amp) Gain control (to set each signal at a sensible level before mixing) Equalisation (this comes on all desks, both live and studio based, however in live the tendency is to use an external graphic Eq in order to metic ulously notch out those problem frequencies) High and Low pass ? ters Panning Auxiliary send (used for effects and vastly used later for the monitor desks One feature of most, if not all desks, that is utilised greatly in live sound are the sub group faders. This means that once a sub mix (e. g. the drum kit) is mixed, the faders can be assigned to a sub group with a singular fader to bring the whole mixed up or down as one. This is a great time saving device when mixing on your feet! Also on more sophisticated desks, other groups such as solo and mute groups are present so certain parts can be muted together if needs be. ELECTRIC MAYHEM: LIVE LOUNGE Pictures from group E1’s live lounge session recording .1 Setting up the drums . 2 Crate guitar amp FOH Monitor mixing desks Monitor Mixes. In a smaller set up, the monitor mixes are usually done from using the Aux sends. This will work but there are not usually enough of these to create a .3 Neve VR analogue ! mixing desk [2] â€Å"THE MONITOR SET UP IS MORE PRONE TO FEEDBACK.. .. so several types of eq may be used† ‘live sound manual’ comprehensive monitor mix, this is generally because if there are 4 aux’s on a small desk, 3 and 4 will be dedicated to using effects, and therefore will be set as ‘post-fader’. Whilst there are many large scale gigs around, so the majority of mixers manufactured and sold are of a budget and mid ranged level. Therefore dedicated monit or desks are quite rare. Because the application of these desks are different, they obviously have difference features. One thing to note is that they contain many auxiliary sends, enough to house one mix for musician, there are also many groups, usually ranging from 8 to 24. Extra out board equipment a multi-band compressor in action each As well as these advanced features, monitor mixes also contain many controls identical so the FOH desks, thought they can still often be used in a different manner. These features include: Phantom power, PFL/AFL, FX sends and returns (used for effects such as ‘vanity’ reverb), and of course, Eq. On monitor set ups, Eq are used more because it is more prone to feedback, being closer to the microphones on stage. Power amps These are essential to a live sound set up, they work as power converters as the signals in the PA up to the point of the power amps are too ‘lightweight’ in current and voltage for the speaker system to recognize and the sound to be loud enough for a gig. They work the same way as pre-amps in the actual mixing desk. The way a power amp works is that the currents signal ‘swing’ increased to raise it to the optimum level for the speakers, and ampli? ers voltage swing can be elevated by between 10 and 50 times (compared to the line levels which can be as low as 2 volts). Power amps have many classes (A through to H) and generally come with balanced XLR inputs. Signal Effects Processing Processes to effect the live sound signals come both internally in the mixing desk and also as outboard equipment. This is usually referred as the FX rack. These effects can used to control, clean up, blend and add to a live mix, including compression, gating, reverbs, equalisation and delay, these processors are connected to the desk using auxiliary sends or channel inserts [3] â€Å"Gating can clean up the FOH sound, stopping unnecessary spil . † ‘live sound manual’ EQ This comes in different, versatile forms. From the simple 3-band eq’s found on budget mixing desks with hi, mid and low eq pots, to the more elaborate forms such as graphic and parametric. Graphic equalisation is generally found when using monitors, this is because, due to the fact that monitors are near to, and have so many mics pointing towards them, the eq needs to be ve ry advanced in order to notch out those problem frequen- AN EXAMPLE OF MERLIN PA’S SET-UP IN ACTION! enough to give quick access. cies. It is called a graphic eq because the notches used give u an accurate representation of the curve that is formed when changing the frequencies, they generally have 28 to 31 bands. GEQs are usually outboard equipment, as they need to be big Parametric equalisation is the most powerful form of Eq. This is because not only will it allow an engineer to notch out those pesky problem frequencies, but because it contains a ‘Q’ control, this helps control the spread of a frequency peak, this means that one is able to precisely effect the narrowest of areas if needs be. Now that most desks used in live are digital, any engineers now use the built-in equalisation features that come with the more high end models. These are usually coupled with a digital representation of the Eq. The advantages of using digital as apposed to G and PEQs are that the eq’s can in theory be perfectly matched channel by channel, and these settings can be saved in an internal system. Also, in higher end systems, one is able to see a visual of the sound coming through the channel, therefore seeing which problem frequencies to notch out and how they are being affected in real time. Effects such as reverb and delay can be found as both internal, and outboard equipment. These are essential to create a cohesive mix and comes even in most budget mixers big enough to put on a gig. It can add different kinds of space to a mix, pushing instruments back and forward in a mix, and generally blending the sounds together as a whole, especially in outdoor events, where there is nothing for the sound to bounce off. Reverb is generally coupled with some kind of Eq on an Aux send channel, this can help to brighten the sound of a room arti? cially. Delay, or echo, has been used in different forms in live sound since rock n roll slap-back in the mid 50s. It has since been used on almost everything to create its own sense of space and ambience. Most delays, be it outboard or internal, runs once again through an aux send, and comes with features like delay time, decay and usually a tap tempo button to adjust the speed. Gates compressors these are essential in a live sound set up. Gates help to cut out spill on ‘single hit’ channels such as the snare and sometimes backing vocals, this helps cutout spill which could otherwise make a mix seem ‘muddy’. They work by setting a volume threshold at which the sound will be let through when reached. Gates can come in outboard or onboard formats, and once again can be useful as onboard equipment because visual representation can be a feature on higher end desks. A more advanced feature on some gates is ‘side-chain’, this means the gate can be control by things such as Eq, so instead of just a volume threshold, the gate can be worked by a certain frequency (e. g. for feedback). [4] Compressors are also very important pieces of equipment in a live sound set up. It is essential for controlling sounds, tightening them up and making them more ‘punchy’. Compression can also be used to make sounds louder, bringing up the quieter parts of the sound and raising it as a whole to make it more useable in a mix (this could be useful on quieter instruments such as ? utes). Another example of this type of compression being useful is in vocals, most vocalist, however experienced, have unexpected jumps of volume in their singing, so compression is pretty much the only way to deal with this. Compressors work in a similar way to gates. They have a threshold which sets the level above which the compression takes effect. The ratio tells the compressor how abruptly it will work (if a compressor is above around 15:1 it becomes a limiter), and it features attack and release functions, to dictate how fast the compressor will work and how quickly it will cease to have an effect. Also, more advanced compressors again feature sidechain functions. Microphones There are many kinds of microphones used in audio engineering. In live, those mics which are robust and durable are generally favoured for obvious reasons. The type of microphones that are used in live work are mostly dynamic mics. The two main reasons for this is because they posses the durability previously mentioned (the other main type, condenser mics, are quite delicate and can be damaged easily if for instance they are used on a tour) and because they have a very directional quality, perfect for close micing which is used for the most part in live as the engineer is usually dealing with micing guitar amps, kick/snare drums and of course vocals. Condenser mics are used, but only when needs be, such as with drum overhead micing, where a bigger audio spread is needed. Mics with switchable polar patterns are also desirable in live sound work. An example of this is using a ? gure of 8 pattern, if two vocalists were using the same microphone, this pattern is equally sensitive at the front and back of the mic. â€Å"A mics response pattern changes as soon as someone picks it up, even if it’s designed to be handheld. . † ‘live sound manual’ Speaker Systems The speakers are the face of a PA system, they are ? nal part in puzzle that is live sound. This means they have to be of a high quality, carefully matched to the power amps to create the best sound for the audience. A speaker can be broken down into individual parts. The cabinet, which encloses the speaker as a whole, this can be shaped to emit the sound in a certain ways, usually to put out the best sound of course! These cabs, like the microphones used in live are built very solidly. This shows a vast difference to their studio equivalents, which are often catered much more towards being aesthetically pleasing or compact. Inside this casing lies the heart of the speaker, usually referred to as the drive-unit. [5] A drive unit, or driver, is a transducer like that found in a microphone, but with the difference that it works in reverse, this means it takes electrical currents and transforms it into sound waves. Like in microphones, the most commonly used transducer using moving coil principles (just like dynamic mics! ), this is again because they are the most reliable and economic. The diaphragm in a speaker is what the coil connects to, it used usually made from a paper pulp and vibrates when the signal is passed through it. Most speakers contain two of these diaphragms, both held lightly in place by a metal chassis. One for bass frequencies (which takes its name from this ‘chassis’) and another for the higher range, referred to as ‘tweeters’, these tweeters require a light but ? rmer cone. Basically, bass frequencies equals more vibration, which equals a bigger cone needed to cope with this. The driver units are the real ‘worker’ parts of the PA system. For most systems, a singular driver unit can cover a chunk of audible range, around 3 octaves worth. Most high quality sound systems use multiple drivers to cover the 10 to 12 octaves that are present in human hearing, these are divided up by means of a ‘crossover’. FOR MANY ARTISTS AUDIENCE MEMBERS, THE SPEAKER CABS ARE THE PA! † ‘live sound manual’ Common techniques practices Voicing the PA Before the band or act arrives to soundcheck, a common practice is to make sure the PA sound good on its own, this is known as ‘voicing’ the PA. This is generally done by playing a song (it helps if you know it well! ) and blast it out through the speakers to make sure is sounds correct. This is a good way of sorting out the FOH sound even before the audio signals are put in place, and can be used to identify problem frequencies in the room. This way, when the band is in place, any problems that are occurring are more likely to be a problem with the sound behind the PA, such as mic positions. Pinking the room Pinking is the process in which live sound engineers blast ‘pink noise’ through the PA system at a high volume level. Whilst the well known ‘white noise’ is a concoction of every frequency, its pink equivalent is a blast of random frequencies. This helps to identify problem frequencies in the pre-sound check. RT60 management RT60 is a reference to how long the reverb takes to decay below 60 decibels. For RT60 management in live sound, a loud noise is produced and the RT60 time calculated. This helps the engineers ? gure out how much natural reverb is present in the room, and therefore how much arti? cial reverb to add later. Inverse square law Testing this process is much more relevant when mixing at bigger venues. The inverse square law states that a quantities size is directly proportional to the distance it has travelled. This helps to decipher how loud the PA should be, depending on how far the sound has to travel. Mic placement Mic placement is important as a practice, it helps to improve the mix and save time! Many live engineers spend ours Eq’ing channels during soundcheck, when the simplest solution could be to spend more time on getting the best direct sound with placing the mic on the sound source. Avoiding monitor feedback As mentioned earlier, because the on stage monitors are very near to, or have microphones pointing at them regularly, there is a tendency for feedback to occur. Therefore careful Eq using a graphic or ideally a parametric eq, to identify the problem frequencies in the monitor mix before working on the FOH sound. [6]

Scholarship Essay Ending Sample - Tools That Will Help Your Essay Write Better

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